MOUNT HERBS / THE MOLECULAR ATLAS
The plant, at a different scale.
CBD
CarbonOxygenHydrogen
Opening the structure…
Full catalogue & printable sources ↗
No compound matches those choices.
Try a different name, or return to the complete collection.
A SIMPLIFIED MAP / NOT A PRODUCTION GUIDE
A shared beginning.
Different chemical paths.
CBGA sits at a branch point in major cannabinoid pathways. Different synthases form different acids. Losing carbon dioxide through decarboxylation produces corresponding neutral forms; that is a separate change from the enzyme reactions. The map shows selected relationships, not every pathway, intermediate or storage reaction.
Branch pointPrecursor acid
Plant enzymesThree selected acid routes
DecarboxylationCorresponding neutral forms
Terpenes and flavonoids follow other biosynthetic routes. Their presence alongside cannabinoids does not prove that a mixture works better in people. The catalogue includes both negative receptor experiments and positive early studies of particular combinations.
Luo et al. · cannabinoid pathway experiments ↗
From a molecule to a medical claim.
- Identify
- Chromatography, mass spectrometry and NMR help establish what a sample contains. A name in a paper is not a measurement of your product.
- Model
- Docking predicts possible poses. Molecular dynamics explores motion within a chosen model; its assumptions matter.
- Measure
- Binding and signalling assays test molecular activity in a defined system. Affinity, potency and efficacy describe different measurements.
- Test in animals
- An animal result can guide the next experiment. Species, sex, route and exposure can change what it means.
- Test in people
- A clinical result needs a defined formulation, population, comparator, outcome and safety assessment.
THE FULL MOLECULAR CATALOGUE
The plant, at a different scale.
72 selected compounds · 19 molecular study milestones. Read the chemical identity, evidence and limitations for each entry. This full catalogue remains available without JavaScript.
Chemistry is not a product claim. These compounds and studies do not establish what is in a Mount Herbs batch or that our hemp seed oil or protein powder treats a medical condition.
Cannabinoids / THC family
THC · Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol
The best-known intoxicating cannabinoid, with a ring-closed structure. Cannabinoid-receptor activity; selected prescription uses.
Defined medicine evidence · In the US, prescription dronabinol is approved for selected chemotherapy-related nausea and AIDS-related appetite/weight-loss indications.
Where the evidence stops Approval concerns specific medicines. Intoxication, impairment and adverse effects remain relevant; it does not establish benefits for seed foods.
Identity Natural trans-(6aR,10aR) Δ9 configuration. Other THC isomers are not interchangeable.
Formula: C21H30O2 · PubChem CID 16078 ↗
FDA and Cannabis: Research and Drug Approval Process ↗Regulator · 2026 · Current page checked 5 October 2026. Supports US prescription dronabinol indications; not approval of the plant or seed foods. The page has older CBD age wording, so the current product label is used for CBD.PubChem: Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol — CID 16078 ↗Chemical identity database · 2026 · CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. Natural trans-(6aR,10aR) Δ9 configuration. Other THC isomers are not interchangeable.
Cannabinoids / THC family
THCA-A · Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A
An acidic precursor that can lose carbon dioxide to form THC. Acidic member of the THC biosynthetic branch.
Animal evidence · A 2017 study found PPARγ-related activity in cells and protection in a toxin-induced mouse model.
Where the evidence stops This is preclinical research, not evidence that THCA treats a human neurodegenerative disease.
Identity Explicit natural trans-THCA-A identity; generic THCA name searches can return a different isomer.
Formula: C22H30O4 · PubChem CID 98523 ↗
Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid is a potent PPARγ agonist with neuroprotective activity ↗Cell and animal study · 2017 · Primary abstract inspected. THCA-A receptor/cell experiments and a toxin-induced mouse model; no clinical treatment result. DOI: 10.1111/bph.14019.PubChem: Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A — CID 98523 ↗Chemical identity database · 2026 · CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. Explicit natural trans-THCA-A identity; generic THCA name searches can return a different isomer.
Cannabinoids / CBD family
CBD · Cannabidiol
A cannabinoid whose open-ring arrangement differs from THC. Exact purified formulations have prescription evidence.
Defined medicine evidence · The May 2026 US EPIDIOLEX label covers seizures associated with Dravet syndrome, Lennox–Gastaut syndrome and tuberous sclerosis complex from age one.
Where the evidence stops This exact prescription formulation requires clinical monitoring. Liver injury, sedation and interactions occur; retail CBD and hemp seed oil are not equivalent.
Identity Natural (1R,6R) cannabidiol. Formula alone cannot distinguish CBD from THC.
Formula: C21H30O2 · PubChem CID 644019 ↗
EPIDIOLEX prescribing information, revised May 2026 ↗Medicine label · 2026 · Full label available. Exact US prescription formulation, seizure indications, age range, liver monitoring, sedation and interactions; not an endorsement of other CBD products.Trial of Cannabidiol for Drug-Resistant Seizures in the Dravet Syndrome ↗Randomized trial · 2017 · Primary abstract inspected. In 120 children and young adults, adjunctive purified CBD reduced convulsive seizure frequency over 14 weeks compared with placebo, with more adverse events and withdrawals. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1611618.PubChem: Cannabidiol — CID 644019 ↗Chemical identity database · 2026 · CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. Natural (1R,6R) cannabidiol. Formula alone cannot distinguish CBD from THC.
Cannabinoids / CBD family
CBDA · Cannabidiolic acid
The acidic counterpart of CBD found in the plant’s cannabinoid chemistry. Acid precursor to CBD through decarboxylation.
Animal evidence · A 2019 study reported anticonvulsant activity in a mouse model of Dravet syndrome and measured cannabinoid-acid exposure.
Where the evidence stops Mouse exposure and seizure results do not establish an effective or safe human treatment.
Identity Natural (1R,6R) CBDA; carboxylated CBD connectivity.
Formula: C22H30O4 · PubChem CID 160570 ↗
Pharmacokinetics of Phytocannabinoid Acids and Anticonvulsant Effect of Cannabidiolic Acid in a Mouse Model of Dravet Syndrome ↗Animal study · 2019 · Primary abstract inspected. Acid-cannabinoid pharmacokinetics and CBDA anticonvulsant activity in a genetic mouse model. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00600.PubChem: Cannabidiolic acid — CID 160570 ↗Chemical identity database · 2026 · CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. Natural (1R,6R) CBDA; carboxylated CBD connectivity.
Cannabinoids / CBG family
CBG · Cannabigerol
A cannabinoid with a flexible geranyl side chain. Neutral counterpart of the biosynthetic precursor CBGA.
Human study · A 2026 single-dose study in 12 healthy adults measured oral CBG exposure and tolerability; robust pharmacodynamic effects were not observed.
Where the evidence stops A small acute study cannot establish disease benefit, long-term safety or safety in other populations.
Identity The registry specifies the E geranyl-chain configuration.
Formula: C21H32O2 · PubChem CID 5315659 ↗
Safety, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of oral cannabigerol in healthy adults ↗Human study · 2026 · Primary indexed abstract inspected. Single ascending-dose study in 12 healthy adults; tolerability and exposure, not disease-treatment efficacy. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpet.2026.104984.PubChem: Cannabigerol — CID 5315659 ↗Chemical identity database · 2026 · CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. The registry specifies the E geranyl-chain configuration.
Cannabinoids / CBG family
CBGA · Cannabigerolic acid
A branch-point precursor in the production of several cannabinoid acids. Biosynthetic precursor; acid counterpart of CBG.
Animal evidence · In 2021 mouse experiments, CBGA protected in some seizure tests but worsened seizures in other models or conditions.
Where the evidence stops The conflicting effects rule out a simple anticonvulsant claim. Human benefit is not established here.
Identity E geranyl-chain acid; distinct from neutral CBG.
Formula: C22H32O4 · PubChem CID 6449999 ↗
Cannabigerolic acid, a major biosynthetic precursor molecule in cannabis, exhibits divergent effects on seizures in mouse models of epilepsy ↗Animal study · 2021 · Primary abstract inspected. CBGA, CBDVA and CBGVA raised thermal seizure thresholds; CBGA also worsened seizures in other models or conditions. DOI: 10.1111/bph.15661.PubChem: Cannabigerolic acid — CID 6449999 ↗Chemical identity database · 2026 · CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. E geranyl-chain acid; distinct from neutral CBG.
Cannabinoids / CBC family
CBC · Cannabichromene
A chromene-ring cannabinoid related to the acid CBCA. Neutral member of the CBC branch.
Animal evidence · CBC raised the thermal seizure threshold in a 2021 mouse model of Dravet syndrome.
Where the evidence stops This assay does not establish an epilepsy treatment for people or settle other proposed uses.
Identity This PubChem record leaves the stereocentre unspecified; it is not a claim about one natural enantiomer.
Formula: C21H30O2 · PubChem CID 30219 ↗
Cannabichromene, Related Phytocannabinoids, and 5-Fluoro-cannabichromene Have Anticonvulsant Properties in a Mouse Model of Dravet Syndrome ↗Animal study · 2021 · Primary abstract inspected. CBC, CBCA and CBCVA showed activity in a thermal seizure assay; CBCV did not. These are mouse findings. DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00677.PubChem: Cannabichromene — CID 30219 ↗Chemical identity database · 2026 · CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. This PubChem record leaves the stereocentre unspecified; it is not a claim about one natural enantiomer.
Cannabinoids / CBC family
CBCA · Cannabichromenic acid
The carboxylated member of the cannabichromene branch. Acid precursor to CBC.
Animal evidence · CBCA showed activity in the thermal seizure assay reported in the 2021 CBC-family mouse study.
Where the evidence stops The result is preclinical and does not establish human therapeutic efficacy.
Identity Registry connectivity has unspecified stereochemistry.
Formula: C22H30O4 · PubChem CID 3084339 ↗
Cannabichromene, Related Phytocannabinoids, and 5-Fluoro-cannabichromene Have Anticonvulsant Properties in a Mouse Model of Dravet Syndrome ↗Animal study · 2021 · Primary abstract inspected. CBC, CBCA and CBCVA showed activity in a thermal seizure assay; CBCV did not. These are mouse findings. DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00677.PubChem: Cannabichromenic acid — CID 3084339 ↗Chemical identity database · 2026 · CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. Registry connectivity has unspecified stereochemistry.
Cannabinoids / Oxidative & rearranged
CBN · Cannabinol
An aromatic cannabinoid often associated with changes during cannabis storage. Oxidative cannabinoid chemistry; sleep research.
Human study · In a 2026 crossover trial with 20 adults with insomnia, neither tested CBN dose significantly improved the primary wake-after-sleep-onset outcome.
Where the evidence stops Single-night findings do not show established insomnia efficacy; secondary findings cannot overturn the null primary result.
Identity A more aromatic ring system than THC; the formula differs accordingly.
Formula: C21H26O2 · PubChem CID 2543 ↗
Cannabinol for Acute Treatment of Insomnia Disorder in a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial ↗Randomized trial · 2026 · Primary abstract inspected. Twenty adults with insomnia; neither single-night CBN dose significantly improved the primary wake-after-sleep-onset outcome versus placebo.PubChem: Cannabinol — CID 2543 ↗Chemical identity database · 2026 · CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. A more aromatic ring system than THC; the formula differs accordingly.
Cannabinoids / Oxidative & rearranged
CBNA · Cannabinolic acid
The carboxylated structural relative of cannabinol. Acidic member of the CBN family.
Chemical identification · The cited PubChem record verifies a distinct molecular identity and formula for CBNA.
Where the evidence stops An identity record supplies no human therapeutic result, dose or safety conclusion.
Identity Cannabinolic acid connectivity; not the same molecule as CBN.
Formula: C22H26O4 · PubChem CID 3081990 ↗
PubChem: Cannabinolic acid — CID 3081990 ↗Chemical identity database · 2026 · CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. Cannabinolic acid connectivity; not the same molecule as CBN.
Cannabinoids / Varin family
THCV · Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabivarin
A THC relative with a three-carbon rather than five-carbon side chain. Propyl homologue of THC.
Human study · A 2016 diabetes pilot trial found no effect on its primary HDL endpoint; THCV showed exploratory secondary glycaemic signals.
Where the evidence stops The small five-arm trial does not establish a diabetes medicine or support weight-loss promises.
Identity Natural trans-(6aR,10aR) Δ9-THCV configuration.
Formula: C19H26O2 · PubChem CID 93147 ↗
Efficacy and Safety of Cannabidiol and Tetrahydrocannabivarin on Glycemic and Lipid Parameters in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes ↗Randomized pilot trial · 2016 · Primary abstract inspected. Sixty-two participants across five arms, 13 weeks. Primary HDL endpoint unaffected; secondary glycaemic findings remain exploratory. DOI: 10.2337/dc16-0650.PubChem: Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabivarin — CID 93147 ↗Chemical identity database · 2026 · CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. Natural trans-(6aR,10aR) Δ9-THCV configuration.
Cannabinoids / Varin family
THCVA · Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid
An acidic, shorter-side-chain relative of THCA. Acid precursor associated with the THCV branch.
Chemical identification · Its verified registry identity separates THCVA from neutral THCV and from the pentyl acid THCA.
Where the evidence stops Structural relatedness does not transfer THCV’s human findings to THCVA.
Identity The registry specifies the natural trans-(6aR,10aR) acid configuration.
Formula: C20H26O4 · PubChem CID 59444416 ↗
PubChem: Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid — CID 59444416 ↗Chemical identity database · 2026 · CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. The registry specifies the natural trans-(6aR,10aR) acid configuration.
Cannabinoids / Varin family
CBDV · Cannabidivarin
A propyl-side-chain relative of cannabidiol. Neutral member of the CBD varin branch.
Human study · A 2021 randomized trial in 162 people with inadequately controlled focal seizures found no significant seizure-frequency advantage over placebo.
Where the evidence stops The primary trial was negative. CBDV should not inherit CBD medicine claims.
Identity Natural (1R,6R) CBDV; shorter side chain than CBD.
Formula: C19H26O2 · PubChem CID 11601669 ↗
A Phase 2 Randomized Controlled Trial of the Efficacy and Safety of Cannabidivarin as Add-on Therapy in Participants with Inadequately Controlled Focal Seizures ↗Randomized trial · 2021 · Primary abstract inspected. In 162 participants, seizure-frequency reduction did not differ significantly between CBDV and placebo (p = 0.648).PubChem: Cannabidivarin — CID 11601669 ↗Chemical identity database · 2026 · CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. Natural (1R,6R) CBDV; shorter side chain than CBD.
Cannabinoids / Varin family
CBDVA · Cannabidivarinic acid
The acidic counterpart of the shorter-side-chain molecule CBDV. Acid member of the CBD varin branch.
Animal evidence · CBDVA increased the thermal seizure threshold in the 2021 Dravet-model mouse experiments.
Where the evidence stops This does not establish human benefit or reverse the separate negative CBDV trial.
Identity Registry (1R,6R) acid configuration.
Formula: C20H26O4 · PubChem CID 59444387 ↗
Cannabigerolic acid, a major biosynthetic precursor molecule in cannabis, exhibits divergent effects on seizures in mouse models of epilepsy ↗Animal study · 2021 · Primary abstract inspected. CBGA, CBDVA and CBGVA raised thermal seizure thresholds; CBGA also worsened seizures in other models or conditions. DOI: 10.1111/bph.15661.PubChem: Cannabidivarinic acid — CID 59444387 ↗Chemical identity database · 2026 · CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. Registry (1R,6R) acid configuration.
Cannabinoids / Varin family
CBGV · Cannabigerovarin
The propyl homologue of cannabigerol. Shorter-side-chain member of the CBG branch.
Laboratory evidence · Recombinant-cell experiments reported CBGV effects on TRPV3 and TRPV4 channel desensitization.
Where the evidence stops An ion-channel assay is not evidence of a gastrointestinal treatment in people.
Identity E geranyl-chain configuration; propyl aromatic side chain.
Formula: C19H28O2 · PubChem CID 59444407 ↗
Cannabinoid actions at TRPV channels: effects on TRPV3 and TRPV4 and their potential relevance to gastrointestinal inflammation ↗Cell study · 2011 · Primary abstract inspected; online publication 2011. CBGV effects in recombinant ion-channel assays, not a trial of gastrointestinal treatment. DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2011.02338.x.PubChem: Cannabigerovarin — CID 59444407 ↗Chemical identity database · 2026 · CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. E geranyl-chain configuration; propyl aromatic side chain.
Cannabinoids / Varin family
CBGVA · Cannabigerovarinic acid
An acidic CBG relative with a shorter aromatic side chain. Precursor within varin cannabinoid chemistry.
Animal evidence · CBGVA raised the thermal seizure threshold in the 2021 mouse experiments.
Where the evidence stops The cited animal work does not establish human anticonvulsant efficacy or clinical safety.
Identity Registry E-chain acid; distinct from CBGV and CBGA.
Formula: C20H28O4 · PubChem CID 59444383 ↗
Cannabigerolic acid, a major biosynthetic precursor molecule in cannabis, exhibits divergent effects on seizures in mouse models of epilepsy ↗Animal study · 2021 · Primary abstract inspected. CBGA, CBDVA and CBGVA raised thermal seizure thresholds; CBGA also worsened seizures in other models or conditions. DOI: 10.1111/bph.15661.PubChem: Cannabigerovarinic acid — CID 59444383 ↗Chemical identity database · 2026 · CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. Registry E-chain acid; distinct from CBGV and CBGA.
Cannabinoids / Varin family
CBCV · Cannabichromevarin
A shorter-side-chain structural relative of CBC. Propyl homologue in the CBC branch.
Animal evidence · CBCV did not show efficacy in the thermal seizure assay in the 2021 CBC-family mouse study.
Where the evidence stops Positive results for neighbouring molecules should not be assigned to CBCV.
Identity The registry leaves the stereocentre unspecified.
Formula: C19H26O2 · PubChem CID 6451726 ↗
Cannabichromene, Related Phytocannabinoids, and 5-Fluoro-cannabichromene Have Anticonvulsant Properties in a Mouse Model of Dravet Syndrome ↗Animal study · 2021 · Primary abstract inspected. CBC, CBCA and CBCVA showed activity in a thermal seizure assay; CBCV did not. These are mouse findings. DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00677.PubChem: Cannabichromevarin — CID 6451726 ↗Chemical identity database · 2026 · CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. The registry leaves the stereocentre unspecified.
Cannabinoids / Varin family
CBCVA · Cannabichromevarinic acid
The acidic form of the CBC varin branch. Carboxylated relative of CBCV.
Animal evidence · CBCVA increased the thermal seizure threshold in the 2021 mouse study, whereas neutral CBCV did not.
Where the evidence stops A molecule-specific animal finding is not a demonstrated human treatment.
Identity Registry acid connectivity has unspecified stereochemistry.
Formula: C20H26O4 · PubChem CID 11110322 ↗
Cannabichromene, Related Phytocannabinoids, and 5-Fluoro-cannabichromene Have Anticonvulsant Properties in a Mouse Model of Dravet Syndrome ↗Animal study · 2021 · Primary abstract inspected. CBC, CBCA and CBCVA showed activity in a thermal seizure assay; CBCV did not. These are mouse findings. DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00677.PubChem: Cannabichromevarinic acid — CID 11110322 ↗Chemical identity database · 2026 · CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. Registry acid connectivity has unspecified stereochemistry.
Cannabinoids / Oxidative & rearranged
CBL · Cannabicyclol
A cannabinoid distinguished by a compact, rearranged ring system. Structural example of cannabinoid rearrangement chemistry.
Chemical identification · PubChem records a defined cannabicyclol structure and molecular formula.
Where the evidence stops The cited identity source does not establish therapeutic effects or the proportions of stereoisomers in plant material.
Identity This record specifies (1R,9R,12S,14R); the display represents that configuration, not every CBL stereoisomer.
Formula: C21H30O2 · PubChem CID 59444380 ↗
PubChem: Cannabicyclol — CID 59444380 ↗Chemical identity database · 2026 · CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. This record specifies (1R,9R,12S,14R); the display represents that configuration, not every CBL stereoisomer.
Cannabinoids / Oxidative & rearranged
CBLA · Cannabicyclolic acid
A rearranged cannabinoid acid reported from stored cannabis. Shows how light and storage can change cannabinoid chemistry.
Chemical identification · The 1972 isolation paper also prepared CBLA by ultraviolet irradiation of CBCA.
Where the evidence stops Occurrence after storage does not prove an enzymatic plant pathway or a medical benefit.
Identity The PubChem record leaves stereochemistry unspecified; an acid relative of CBL.
Formula: C22H30O4 · PubChem CID 71437560 ↗
Cannabis. VI. Cannabicyclolic Acid ↗Chemical isolation · 1972 · Primary journal record inspected. Isolated from stored cannabis and prepared from CBCA under ultraviolet irradiation; storage chemistry matters.PubChem: Cannabicyclolic acid — CID 71437560 ↗Chemical identity database · 2026 · CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. The PubChem record leaves stereochemistry unspecified; an acid relative of CBL.
Cannabinoids / Oxidative & rearranged
CBT · Cannabitriol
An oxygenated cannabinoid name that requires careful stereochemical qualification. Historical extract chemistry with several possible stereochemical forms.
Chemical identification · A 1977 paper reported the isolation and characterization of (+)-cannabitriol from a cannabis extract.
Where the evidence stops Only the bibliographic record was accessible. It supplies no clinical finding; CBT can also be confused with cannabicitran abbreviations.
Identity Generic PubChem connectivity has unspecified stereochemistry; it does not establish the exact (+)-isomer from the historical paper.
Formula: C21H30O4 · PubChem CID 11551959 ↗
Isolation and characterization of (+)-cannabitriol and (-)-10-ethoxy-9-hydroxy-delta 6a[10a]-tetrahydrocannabinol: two new cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa L. extract ↗Chemical isolation · 1977 · PubMed bibliographic record only; no abstract available there. Supports the reported isolation of (+)-cannabitriol, not a pharmacological claim or all CBT isomers.PubChem: Cannabitriol — CID 11551959 ↗Chemical identity database · 2026 · CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. Generic PubChem connectivity has unspecified stereochemistry; it does not establish the exact (+)-isomer from the historical paper.
Cannabinoids / Oxidative & rearranged
CBTC · Cannabicitran
A multiring cannabinoid that must not be confused with cannabitriol. Extract chemistry and stereochemical provenance.
Chemical identification · A 2023 study found racemic cannabicitran in a commercial extract and separated its two enantiomers.
Where the evidence stops The origin remains a research question. Chemical identification does not establish clinical benefit.
Identity CID specifies one (1R,4S,13R) enantiomer; it does not depict the study’s racemic mixture.
Formula: C21H30O2 · PubChem CID 101820920 ↗
Cannabicitran: Its unexpected racemic nature and potential origins ↗Stereochemical study · 2023 · Primary abstract inspected. Cannabicitran from a commercial extract was racemic; both enantiomers were separated. Extract occurrence does not establish a single enzymatic origin. DOI: 10.1002/chir.23571.PubChem: Cannabicitran — CID 101820920 ↗Chemical identity database · 2026 · CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. CID specifies one (1R,4S,13R) enantiomer; it does not depict the study’s racemic mixture.
Cannabinoids / Oxidative & rearranged
CBE · Cannabielsoin
An oxygenated molecule studied as a CBD oxidation product. Connects cannabinoid transformation with receptor-signalling research.
Laboratory evidence · In 2024 cell assays, S-CBE activated CB1-linked cAMP signalling without corresponding β-arrestin recruitment under the tested conditions.
Where the evidence stops Biased signalling in a cell assay does not show a safer or effective medicine in humans.
Identity CID specifies (5aS,6S,9R,9aR); other CBE configurations are not represented.
Formula: C21H30O3 · PubChem CID 162113 ↗
Cannabielsoin (CBE), a CBD Oxidation Product, Is a Biased CB1 Agonist ↗Cell study · 2024 · Primary abstract inspected. S-CBE activated cAMP signalling but not β-arrestin recruitment under the tested cell-assay conditions; no clinical trial.PubChem: Cannabielsoin — CID 162113 ↗Chemical identity database · 2026 · CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. CID specifies (5aS,6S,9R,9aR); other CBE configurations are not represented.
Cannabinoids / CBG family
CBGM · Cannabigerol monomethyl ether
A methyl-ether relative of cannabigerol. Example of naturally reported cannabinoid functional-group variation.
Chemical identification · A 1968 primary paper described CBGM as an isolated component of hemp.
Where the evidence stops Historical isolation supplies chemical evidence, not an established human treatment or safety profile.
Identity One phenolic oxygen is methylated; the registry specifies an E side-chain configuration.
Formula: C22H34O2 · PubChem CID 13864080 ↗
Cannabigerol Monomethyl Ether, a New Component of Hemp ↗Chemical isolation · 1968 · Primary journal record inspected. Historical identity/isolation, not clinical efficacy. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 16(6), 1164–1165.PubChem: Cannabigerol monomethyl ether — CID 13864080 ↗Chemical identity database · 2026 · CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. One phenolic oxygen is methylated; the registry specifies an E side-chain configuration.
Cannabinoids / Side-chain homologues
THCP · Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabiphorol
A THC homologue with a seven-carbon side chain. Heptyl cannabinoid studied in binding assays and mice.
Animal evidence · The 2019 isolation study reported high CB1 binding affinity and cannabimimetic effects in mice.
Where the evidence stops Receptor affinity is not a human potency multiplier. Human therapeutic efficacy and safety were not established.
Identity Natural trans-(6aR,10aR) Δ9-THCP configuration.
Formula: C23H34O2 · PubChem CID 6453074 ↗
A novel phytocannabinoid isolated from Cannabis sativa L. with an in vivo cannabimimetic activity higher than Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol: Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabiphorol ↗Isolation and animal study · 2019 · Primary abstract and article excerpts inspected. THCP/CBDP identity and acidic precursor fractions; THCP receptor binding and mouse behaviour. Binding affinity is not a human potency multiplier. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56785-1.PubChem: Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabiphorol — CID 6453074 ↗Chemical identity database · 2026 · CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. Natural trans-(6aR,10aR) Δ9-THCP configuration.
Cannabinoids / Side-chain homologues
THCPA · Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabiphorolic acid
The acidic member of the seven-carbon THC homologue branch. Acidic precursor fraction linked to THCP.
Chemical identification · The 2019 study described an acidic THCPA fraction used to obtain THCP by decarboxylation.
Where the evidence stops The precursor observation is chemical evidence, not evidence of clinical activity.
Identity No exact PubChem identity has been verified for this entry. No structure is included.
Formula: Not verified here · No exact structure mapped in this edition.
A novel phytocannabinoid isolated from Cannabis sativa L. with an in vivo cannabimimetic activity higher than Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol: Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabiphorol ↗Isolation and animal study · 2019 · Primary abstract and article excerpts inspected. THCP/CBDP identity and acidic precursor fractions; THCP receptor binding and mouse behaviour. Binding affinity is not a human potency multiplier. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56785-1.
Cannabinoids / Side-chain homologues
CBDP · Cannabidiphorol
A seven-carbon-side-chain relative of CBD identified in cannabis. Heptyl CBD homologue; receptor-modulation research.
Animal evidence · A 2026 study proposed dual-site CB1 negative allosteric modulation using cell assays, modelling and male-mouse experiments.
Where the evidence stops The proposed mechanism and modest mouse signals are preclinical, not proof of clinical benefit or safer THC use.
Identity Natural (1R,6R) CBDP; not the mirror-image synthetic ent-CBDP.
Formula: C23H34O2 · PubChem CID 49873141 ↗
Cannabidiphorol (CBDP) acts as a negative allosteric modulator at two distinct sites of cannabinoid receptor 1 ↗Cell and animal study · 2026 · Primary abstract inspected. Mutagenesis, cellular allosterism assays, modelling and male-mouse experiments; possible dual-site modulation remains preclinical. DOI: 10.1038/s42004-026-01990-z.A novel phytocannabinoid isolated from Cannabis sativa L. with an in vivo cannabimimetic activity higher than Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol: Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabiphorol ↗Isolation and animal study · 2019 · Primary abstract and article excerpts inspected. THCP/CBDP identity and acidic precursor fractions; THCP receptor binding and mouse behaviour. Binding affinity is not a human potency multiplier. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56785-1.PubChem: Cannabidiphorol — CID 49873141 ↗Chemical identity database · 2026 · CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. Natural (1R,6R) CBDP; not the mirror-image synthetic ent-CBDP.
Cannabinoids / Side-chain homologues
CBDPA · Cannabidiphorolic acid
An acidic relative of the seven-carbon cannabinoid CBDP. Acidic precursor fraction linked to CBDP.
Chemical identification · The 2019 study described the corresponding acidic CBDPA fraction before decarboxylation to CBDP.
Where the evidence stops This does not establish pharmacological equivalence with CBDP or CBD, or clinical benefit.
Identity No exact PubChem identity has been verified for this entry. No structure is included.
Formula: Not verified here · No exact structure mapped in this edition.
A novel phytocannabinoid isolated from Cannabis sativa L. with an in vivo cannabimimetic activity higher than Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol: Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabiphorol ↗Isolation and animal study · 2019 · Primary abstract and article excerpts inspected. THCP/CBDP identity and acidic precursor fractions; THCP receptor binding and mouse behaviour. Binding affinity is not a human potency multiplier. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56785-1.
Cannabinoids / Side-chain homologues
THCB · Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabutol
A four-carbon-side-chain homologue of THC. Butyl cannabinoid isolated from medicinal cannabis.
Laboratory evidence · The 2020 isolation study characterized THCB and reported affinity for the human CB1 receptor in laboratory assays.
Where the evidence stops A human receptor in an assay is not a human clinical trial; efficacy and safe use are not established here.
Identity A trustworthy CID was not verified during curation; no look-alike or synthetic-isomer structure is substituted.
Formula: Not verified here · No exact structure mapped in this edition.
Isolation of a High-Affinity Cannabinoid for the Human CB1 Receptor from a Medicinal Cannabis sativa Variety: Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabutol, the Butyl Homologue of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol ↗Isolation and receptor study · 2020 · Primary publication metadata and abstract inspected. Butyl homologues THCB and CBDB from medicinal cannabis; receptor binding is not a human treatment result.
Cannabinoids / Side-chain homologues
CBDB · Cannabidibutol
A four-carbon-side-chain relative of CBD. Butyl homologue in the CBD series.
Chemical identification · The 2020 butyl-homologue work identified CBDB alongside THCB in medicinal cannabis.
Where the evidence stops Identification does not transfer CBD’s prescription evidence to this different molecule.
Identity Registry (1R,6R) configuration with a butyl aromatic side chain.
Formula: C20H28O2 · PubChem CID 59444413 ↗
Isolation of a High-Affinity Cannabinoid for the Human CB1 Receptor from a Medicinal Cannabis sativa Variety: Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabutol, the Butyl Homologue of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol ↗Isolation and receptor study · 2020 · Primary publication metadata and abstract inspected. Butyl homologues THCB and CBDB from medicinal cannabis; receptor binding is not a human treatment result.PubChem: Cannabidibutol — CID 59444413 ↗Chemical identity database · 2026 · CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. Registry (1R,6R) configuration with a butyl aromatic side chain.
Cannabinoids / Side-chain homologues
THCH · Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabihexol
A six-carbon-side-chain THC homologue. Hexyl homologue investigated through analytical identification.
Chemical identification · The 2020 hexyl-homologue paper identified THCH using analytical comparison with a synthesized reference compound.
Where the evidence stops CBDH’s mouse antinociception result must not be assigned to THCH; clinical efficacy is not shown.
Identity No verified CID selected; do not confuse Δ9-THCH with other parahexyl double-bond isomers.
Formula: Not verified here · No exact structure mapped in this edition.
Identification of a new cannabidiol n-hexyl homolog in a medicinal cannabis variety with an antinociceptive activity in mice: cannabidihexol ↗Analytical and animal study · 2020 · Primary abstract and article excerpts inspected. CBDH and THCH identification using synthetic reference compounds; mouse antinociception studied for CBDH. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79042-2.
Cannabinoids / Side-chain homologues
CBDH · Cannabidihexol
A six-carbon-side-chain relative of CBD. Hexyl homologue joining the pentyl and heptyl series.
Animal evidence · The 2020 identification study reported antinociceptive activity of CBDH in mice.
Where the evidence stops An animal pain-response experiment does not establish pain relief or safety in humans.
Identity Registry natural (1R,6R) CBDH configuration.
Formula: C22H32O2 · PubChem CID 140883953 ↗
Identification of a new cannabidiol n-hexyl homolog in a medicinal cannabis variety with an antinociceptive activity in mice: cannabidihexol ↗Analytical and animal study · 2020 · Primary abstract and article excerpts inspected. CBDH and THCH identification using synthetic reference compounds; mouse antinociception studied for CBDH. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79042-2.PubChem: Cannabidihexol — CID 140883953 ↗Chemical identity database · 2026 · CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. Registry natural (1R,6R) CBDH configuration.
Terpenes & terpenoids / Monoterpene hydrocarbon
α-Pinene
Two joined rings give this ten-carbon molecule a compact shape. The α name places its double bond inside the larger ring. A volatile constituent in studied cannabis flower profiles.
Laboratory evidence · Measured in Finola flowers; Cannabis enzymes also produced it. A separate cell assay found no THC-response enhancement.
Where the evidence stops A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.
Identity The PubChem entry leaves some stereochemistry unspecified. A rendered shape must not imply a measured enantiomer ratio.
Formula: C10H16 · PubChem CID 6654 ↗
Terpene synthases from Cannabis sativa ↗original biosynthesis and analytical study · 2017 · Full text: Finola flower profiles and recombinant Cannabis enzymes; Table 1 and Figures 4–5. Enzyme products are not proof of abundance in every plant.Absence of Entourage: Terpenoids Commonly Found in Cannabis sativa Do Not Modulate the Functional Activity of Δ9-THC at Human CB1 and CB2 Receptors ↗original cell study · 2019 · Abstract and methods/results inspected: six terpenoids did not modify THC responses in the tested potassium-channel assay. This does not test every molecular target or clinical combination.PubChem: α-Pinene (CID 6654) ↗chemical identity database · · CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition.
Terpenes & terpenoids / Monoterpene hydrocarbon
β-Pinene
β-Pinene has the same formula as α-pinene, with the double bond moved outside the ring. A volatile constituent and a useful comparison in isomer studies.
Animal evidence · Measured in Finola. Isolated β-pinene changed mouse behavior; another receptor assay found no THC-response enhancement.
Where the evidence stops Mouse injections and cell assays are different experiments. Neither establishes clinical benefit from smelling or consuming a β-pinene-rich product.
Identity The PubChem entry leaves some stereochemistry unspecified. A rendered shape must not imply a measured enantiomer ratio.
Formula: C10H16 · PubChem CID 14896 ↗
Terpene synthases from Cannabis sativa ↗original biosynthesis and analytical study · 2017 · Full text: Finola flower profiles and recombinant Cannabis enzymes; Table 1 and Figures 4–5. Enzyme products are not proof of abundance in every plant.Cannabis sativa terpenes are cannabimimetic and selectively enhance cannabinoid activity ↗original cell and animal study · 2021 · Original mouse and cell experiments using isolated compounds and the synthetic agonist WIN55,212-2; no patient efficacy trial.Absence of Entourage: Terpenoids Commonly Found in Cannabis sativa Do Not Modulate the Functional Activity of Δ9-THC at Human CB1 and CB2 Receptors ↗original cell study · 2019 · Abstract and methods/results inspected: six terpenoids did not modify THC responses in the tested potassium-channel assay. This does not test every molecular target or clinical combination.PubChem: β-Pinene (CID 14896) ↗chemical identity database · · CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition.
Terpenes & terpenoids / Monoterpene hydrocarbon
β-Myrcene
Myrcene has an open chain and three double bonds, rather than the ringed framework of pinene. A frequent analytical marker in cannabis volatile profiles.
Laboratory evidence · Measured in Finola; two characterized Cannabis enzymes produced myrcene. The cited receptor assay found no THC-response enhancement.
Where the evidence stops A high myrcene percentage does not establish sedation or predict an individual response. The cell result is limited to its tested signaling system.
Identity This acyclic structure has no assigned stereocentre.
Formula: C10H16 · PubChem CID 31253 ↗
Terpene synthases from Cannabis sativa ↗original biosynthesis and analytical study · 2017 · Full text: Finola flower profiles and recombinant Cannabis enzymes; Table 1 and Figures 4–5. Enzyme products are not proof of abundance in every plant.Absence of Entourage: Terpenoids Commonly Found in Cannabis sativa Do Not Modulate the Functional Activity of Δ9-THC at Human CB1 and CB2 Receptors ↗original cell study · 2019 · Abstract and methods/results inspected: six terpenoids did not modify THC responses in the tested potassium-channel assay. This does not test every molecular target or clinical combination.PubChem: β-Myrcene (CID 31253) ↗chemical identity database · · CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition.
Terpenes & terpenoids / Monoterpene hydrocarbon
(S)-(−)-Limonene
This is the S form of limonene. Its mirror image has the same atoms but a different three-dimensional arrangement. A specifically identified product of Cannabis terpene biosynthesis.
Chemical identification · Finola flowers and the characterized CsTPS1FN enzyme contained or produced this enantiomer.
Where the evidence stops A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.
Identity Defined S configuration. Do not substitute the R form used in the human D-limonene experiment.
Formula: C10H16 · PubChem CID 439250 ↗
Terpene synthases from Cannabis sativa ↗original biosynthesis and analytical study · 2017 · Full text: Finola flower profiles and recombinant Cannabis enzymes; Table 1 and Figures 4–5. Enzyme products are not proof of abundance in every plant.PubChem: (S)-(−)-Limonene (CID 439250) ↗chemical identity database · · CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition.
Terpenes & terpenoids / Monoterpene hydrocarbon
(R)-(+)-Limonene
Also called D-limonene, this is the R mirror image. It should be distinguished from an unqualified limonene assay. A chiral volatile studied both analytically and alongside THC in humans.
Human study · In 20 healthy adults, a double-blind crossover study tested vaporized compounds. In a 12-person subset, 30 mg THC plus 15 mg D-limonene reduced anxious/nervous and paranoid ratings versus THC alone; other measured drug effects were unchanged.
Where the evidence stops This was a small acute exposure study, not anxiety treatment. D-limonene alone did not differ from placebo. Experimental amounts describe the study, not dosing advice or a result for ordinary flower or seed foods.
Identity Defined R configuration; the cited human experiment cannot be transferred to S-limonene.
Formula: C10H16 · PubChem CID 440917 ↗
Comprehensive analysis of chemical and enantiomeric stability of terpenes in Cannabis sativa L. flowers ↗original analytical study · 2024 · Full text: chiral analysis and experimental UV/heat stress. Published online August 2024; journal issue January 2025. Laboratory aging is not a retail shelf-life claim.Vaporized D-limonene selectively mitigates the acute anxiogenic effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy adults who intermittently use cannabis ↗original human crossover study · 2024 · Abstract verified through PubMed/Europe PMC: 20 healthy adults; the highest combination was tested in 12. Acute vaporized exposure, not treatment of an anxiety disorder.PubChem: (R)-(+)-Limonene (CID 440917) ↗chemical identity database · · CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition.
Terpenes & terpenoids / Monoterpenoid alcohol
Linalool
An alcohol group adds oxygen to an open ten-carbon framework. That makes linalool a terpenoid. An oxygenated constituent in measured cannabis profiles.
Animal evidence · Detected in biomass. Isolated linalool produced mouse behavioral effects; a separate cell assay did not enhance THC signaling.
Where the evidence stops Laboratory and injected-mouse exposures do not show that a linalool aroma treats sleep, anxiety or pain in people.
Identity The PubChem entry leaves some stereochemistry unspecified. A rendered shape must not imply a measured enantiomer ratio.
Formula: C10H18O · PubChem CID 6549 ↗
A High-Throughput Method for the Comprehensive Analysis of Terpenes and Terpenoids in Medicinal Cannabis Biomass ↗original analytical study · 2020 · Full text: Table 1 distinguishes standard-confirmed from tentative identities; Table 4 records nondetections. Routine separation does not assign every enantiomer.Cannabis sativa terpenes are cannabimimetic and selectively enhance cannabinoid activity ↗original cell and animal study · 2021 · Original mouse and cell experiments using isolated compounds and the synthetic agonist WIN55,212-2; no patient efficacy trial.Absence of Entourage: Terpenoids Commonly Found in Cannabis sativa Do Not Modulate the Functional Activity of Δ9-THC at Human CB1 and CB2 Receptors ↗original cell study · 2019 · Abstract and methods/results inspected: six terpenoids did not modify THC responses in the tested potassium-channel assay. This does not test every molecular target or clinical combination.PubChem: Linalool (CID 6549) ↗chemical identity database · · CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition.
Terpenes & terpenoids / Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon
(E)-β-Caryophyllene
This fifteen-carbon molecule contains a small four-membered ring. Its chemistry belongs to terpenes even though researchers have studied cannabinoid-receptor activity. A cannabis volatile and a receptor-pharmacology research subject.
Animal evidence · Measured in Finola. Gertsch and colleagues reported CB2 activity and reduced inflammation in mice; a later potassium-channel assay gave a different receptor result.
Where the evidence stops Receptor and mouse findings do not establish a human anti-inflammatory treatment. Calling it a dietary cannabinoid describes pharmacology; it does not make it THC.
Identity The reference identity is (1R,4E,9S). Keep it separate from cis-caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide.
Formula: C15H24 · PubChem CID 5281515 ↗
Terpene synthases from Cannabis sativa ↗original biosynthesis and analytical study · 2017 · Full text: Finola flower profiles and recombinant Cannabis enzymes; Table 1 and Figures 4–5. Enzyme products are not proof of abundance in every plant.Beta-caryophyllene is a dietary cannabinoid ↗original receptor and animal study · 2008 · Receptor experiments and mouse inflammation model, including CB2-deficient mice. The title describes receptor pharmacology, not a THC-like chemical structure.Absence of Entourage: Terpenoids Commonly Found in Cannabis sativa Do Not Modulate the Functional Activity of Δ9-THC at Human CB1 and CB2 Receptors ↗original cell study · 2019 · Abstract and methods/results inspected: six terpenoids did not modify THC responses in the tested potassium-channel assay. This does not test every molecular target or clinical combination.PubChem: (E)-β-Caryophyllene (CID 5281515) ↗chemical identity database · · CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition.
Terpenes & terpenoids / Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon
α-Humulene
A broad carbon ring with three double bonds distinguishes humulene from compact pinene. A sesquiterpene measured in cannabis resin and studied experimentally.
Animal evidence · Measured in Finola. Isolated α-humulene produced cannabinoid-like behavioral changes in mice in the cited experiment.
Where the evidence stops Mouse behavior and combinations with a synthetic agonist do not prove patient benefit or an entourage effect for retail cannabis.
Identity The reference defines the three ring double bonds as E.
Formula: C15H24 · PubChem CID 5281520 ↗
Terpene synthases from Cannabis sativa ↗original biosynthesis and analytical study · 2017 · Full text: Finola flower profiles and recombinant Cannabis enzymes; Table 1 and Figures 4–5. Enzyme products are not proof of abundance in every plant.Cannabis sativa terpenes are cannabimimetic and selectively enhance cannabinoid activity ↗original cell and animal study · 2021 · Original mouse and cell experiments using isolated compounds and the synthetic agonist WIN55,212-2; no patient efficacy trial.PubChem: α-Humulene (CID 5281520) ↗chemical identity database · · CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition.
Terpenes & terpenoids / Monoterpene hydrocarbon
Terpinolene
One double bond sits in the ring and another links the ring to a side group. A component used to describe the chemistry of studied cannabis flowers.
Chemical identification · Measured in the Finola flower profile.
Where the evidence stops A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.
Identity This identity is distinct from both α-terpinene and γ-terpinene.
Formula: C10H16 · PubChem CID 11463 ↗
Terpene synthases from Cannabis sativa ↗original biosynthesis and analytical study · 2017 · Full text: Finola flower profiles and recombinant Cannabis enzymes; Table 1 and Figures 4–5. Enzyme products are not proof of abundance in every plant.PubChem: Terpinolene (CID 11463) ↗chemical identity database · · CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition.
Terpenes & terpenoids / Monoterpene hydrocarbon
α-Terpinene
Its two ring double bonds form a conjugated arrangement, separated by one single bond. A product used to investigate Cannabis terpene-enzyme function.
Chemical identification · A characterized Purple Kush enzyme produced α-terpinene.
Where the evidence stops A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.
Identity The α and γ names identify different double-bond positions, not opposite mirror images.
Formula: C10H16 · PubChem CID 7462 ↗
Terpene synthases from Cannabis sativa ↗original biosynthesis and analytical study · 2017 · Full text: Finola flower profiles and recombinant Cannabis enzymes; Table 1 and Figures 4–5. Enzyme products are not proof of abundance in every plant.PubChem: α-Terpinene (CID 7462) ↗chemical identity database · · CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition.
Terpenes & terpenoids / Monoterpene hydrocarbon
γ-Terpinene
The ring double bonds occupy different positions from those in α-terpinene. A Cannabis enzyme product and a subject of aging chemistry.
Chemical identification · Produced by a Cannabis enzyme; experimental light stress also linked it to p-cymene formation.
Where the evidence stops A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.
Identity An achiral positional isomer; it is not interchangeable with α-terpinene.
Formula: C10H16 · PubChem CID 7461 ↗
Terpene synthases from Cannabis sativa ↗original biosynthesis and analytical study · 2017 · Full text: Finola flower profiles and recombinant Cannabis enzymes; Table 1 and Figures 4–5. Enzyme products are not proof of abundance in every plant.Comprehensive analysis of chemical and enantiomeric stability of terpenes in Cannabis sativa L. flowers ↗original analytical study · 2024 · Full text: chiral analysis and experimental UV/heat stress. Published online August 2024; journal issue January 2025. Laboratory aging is not a retail shelf-life claim.PubChem: γ-Terpinene (CID 7461) ↗chemical identity database · · CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition.
Terpenes & terpenoids / Aromatic monoterpene
p-Cymene
Its benzene ring makes p-cymene chemically aromatic. In chemistry, that word describes bonding rather than a smell. A useful molecule for studying how terpene mixtures change over time.
Chemical identification · The UV/heat study identified p-cymene as an important aging product.
Where the evidence stops Experimental aging chemistry does not identify the age, safety or storage history of an untested product.
Identity The para arrangement differs from ortho- and meta-cymene.
Formula: C10H14 · PubChem CID 7463 ↗
Comprehensive analysis of chemical and enantiomeric stability of terpenes in Cannabis sativa L. flowers ↗original analytical study · 2024 · Full text: chiral analysis and experimental UV/heat stress. Published online August 2024; journal issue January 2025. Laboratory aging is not a retail shelf-life claim.PubChem: p-Cymene (CID 7463) ↗chemical identity database · · CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition.
Terpenes & terpenoids / Monoterpene hydrocarbon
Camphene
Bridged rings and an outward-facing double bond create a compact, rigid framework. A minor volatile in the studied cannabis material.
Chemical identification · Detected; identity checked against a standard.
Where the evidence stops A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.
Identity The PubChem entry leaves some stereochemistry unspecified. A rendered shape must not imply a measured enantiomer ratio.
Formula: C10H16 · PubChem CID 6616 ↗
A High-Throughput Method for the Comprehensive Analysis of Terpenes and Terpenoids in Medicinal Cannabis Biomass ↗original analytical study · 2020 · Full text: Table 1 distinguishes standard-confirmed from tentative identities; Table 4 records nondetections. Routine separation does not assign every enantiomer.PubChem: Camphene (CID 6616) ↗chemical identity database · · CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition.
Terpenes & terpenoids / Monoterpene hydrocarbon
(E)-β-Ocimene
A long open chain carries three double bonds. The E label specifies the geometry of the central one. A volatile and a characterized Cannabis enzyme product.
Chemical identification · Measured in Finola; CsTPS6FN mainly produced the E isomer.
Where the evidence stops A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.
Identity Defined 3E geometry; do not merge this structure with Z-β-ocimene.
Formula: C10H16 · PubChem CID 5281553 ↗
Terpene synthases from Cannabis sativa ↗original biosynthesis and analytical study · 2017 · Full text: Finola flower profiles and recombinant Cannabis enzymes; Table 1 and Figures 4–5. Enzyme products are not proof of abundance in every plant.PubChem: (E)-β-Ocimene (CID 5281553) ↗chemical identity database · · CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition.
Terpenes & terpenoids / Monoterpene hydrocarbon
(Z)-β-Ocimene
The central double bond has the opposite geometry from E-β-ocimene, while the formula remains unchanged. A resolved product in Cannabis terpene-synthase experiments.
Chemical identification · The Purple Kush enzyme CsTPS13PK mainly produced Z-β-ocimene.
Where the evidence stops A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.
Identity Defined 3Z geometry. Enzyme output alone does not establish its amount in harvested flower.
Formula: C10H16 · PubChem CID 5320250 ↗
Terpene synthases from Cannabis sativa ↗original biosynthesis and analytical study · 2017 · Full text: Finola flower profiles and recombinant Cannabis enzymes; Table 1 and Figures 4–5. Enzyme products are not proof of abundance in every plant.PubChem: (Z)-β-Ocimene (CID 5320250) ↗chemical identity database · · CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition.
Terpenes & terpenoids / Monoterpenoid ether
Eucalyptol
An oxygen atom forms part of a bridged ring rather than an alcohol group. An oxygenated analyte in cannabis volatile profiling.
Chemical identification · Detected; identity checked against a standard.
Where the evidence stops A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.
Identity This is 1,8-cineole, not the different 1,4-cineole structure.
Formula: C10H18O · PubChem CID 2758 ↗
A High-Throughput Method for the Comprehensive Analysis of Terpenes and Terpenoids in Medicinal Cannabis Biomass ↗original analytical study · 2020 · Full text: Table 1 distinguishes standard-confirmed from tentative identities; Table 4 records nondetections. Routine separation does not assign every enantiomer.PubChem: Eucalyptol (CID 2758) ↗chemical identity database · · CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition.
Terpenes & terpenoids / Monoterpenoid alcohol
Fenchol
A bridged carbon framework carries an alcohol group. Several stereochemical forms are possible. A tentatively assigned constituent in the cited biomass analysis.
Chemical identification · Assigned by spectral-library matching, without an authentic standard.
Where the evidence stops The cited detection is tentative. The reference structure illustrates the proposed identity; it does not confirm the peak or a specific stereoisomer.
Identity The PubChem entry leaves some stereochemistry unspecified. A rendered shape must not imply a measured enantiomer ratio.
Formula: C10H18O · PubChem CID 15406 ↗
A High-Throughput Method for the Comprehensive Analysis of Terpenes and Terpenoids in Medicinal Cannabis Biomass ↗original analytical study · 2020 · Full text: Table 1 distinguishes standard-confirmed from tentative identities; Table 4 records nondetections. Routine separation does not assign every enantiomer.PubChem: Fenchol (CID 15406) ↗chemical identity database · · CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition.
Terpenes & terpenoids / Monoterpenoid alcohol
Borneol
Borneol carries an alcohol group on a rigid bridged skeleton. It shares a formula with fenchol but has different connectivity. A confirmed oxygenated analyte in the cited cannabis work.
Chemical identification · Detected; identity checked against a standard.
Where the evidence stops A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.
Identity The PubChem entry leaves some stereochemistry unspecified. A rendered shape must not imply a measured enantiomer ratio. Borneol and isoborneol are not interchangeable names.
Formula: C10H18O · PubChem CID 64685 ↗
A High-Throughput Method for the Comprehensive Analysis of Terpenes and Terpenoids in Medicinal Cannabis Biomass ↗original analytical study · 2020 · Full text: Table 1 distinguishes standard-confirmed from tentative identities; Table 4 records nondetections. Routine separation does not assign every enantiomer.PubChem: Borneol (CID 64685) ↗chemical identity database · · CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition.
Terpenes & terpenoids / Sesquiterpenoid alcohol
(E)-Nerolidol
Nerolidol extends an open terpene chain to fifteen carbons and includes an alcohol group. A molecule examined in chiral cannabis analysis.
Chemical identification · Detected in authentic extracts; geometric isomers were examined.
Where the evidence stops Nerolidol has both geometric and optical isomers. An unqualified assay name does not establish the configuration or abundance of this reference form.
Identity The reference specifies E geometry but leaves the alcohol-bearing stereocentre unspecified. It does not represent every nerolidol isomer.
Formula: C15H26O · PubChem CID 5284507 ↗
Comprehensive analysis of chemical and enantiomeric stability of terpenes in Cannabis sativa L. flowers ↗original analytical study · 2024 · Full text: chiral analysis and experimental UV/heat stress. Published online August 2024; journal issue January 2025. Laboratory aging is not a retail shelf-life claim.PubChem: (E)-Nerolidol (CID 5284507) ↗chemical identity database · · CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition.
Terpenes & terpenoids / Sesquiterpenoid alcohol
α-Bisabolol
A six-membered ring connects to an oxygen-bearing side chain in this fifteen-carbon molecule. An oxygenated constituent in studied cannabis biomass.
Chemical identification · Detected; identity checked against a standard.
Where the evidence stops A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.
Identity The selected reference defines the side-chain centre as 2R and the ring attachment centre as 1R. Routine detection does not establish that ratio in a sample.
Formula: C15H26O · PubChem CID 1549992 ↗
A High-Throughput Method for the Comprehensive Analysis of Terpenes and Terpenoids in Medicinal Cannabis Biomass ↗original analytical study · 2020 · Full text: Table 1 distinguishes standard-confirmed from tentative identities; Table 4 records nondetections. Routine separation does not assign every enantiomer.PubChem: α-Bisabolol (CID 1549992) ↗chemical identity database · · CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition.
Terpenes & terpenoids / Sesquiterpenoid epoxide
Caryophyllene oxide
An epoxide adds oxygen across part of the caryophyllene framework. It is a separate molecule from β-caryophyllene. An oxygenated analyte in cannabis chemistry.
Chemical identification · Detected; identity checked against a standard.
Where the evidence stops A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.
Identity The reference is a defined stereoisomer, (1R,4R,6R,10S). Do not reuse β-caryophyllene pharmacology for this epoxide.
Formula: C15H24O · PubChem CID 1742210 ↗
A High-Throughput Method for the Comprehensive Analysis of Terpenes and Terpenoids in Medicinal Cannabis Biomass ↗original analytical study · 2020 · Full text: Table 1 distinguishes standard-confirmed from tentative identities; Table 4 records nondetections. Routine separation does not assign every enantiomer.PubChem: Caryophyllene oxide (CID 1742210) ↗chemical identity database · · CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition.
Terpenes & terpenoids / Monoterpene hydrocarbon
Sabinene
A three-membered ring joins a larger ring in a bridged framework. A minor volatile and a product in Cannabis enzyme studies.
Chemical identification · Detected; identity checked against a standard.
Where the evidence stops A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.
Identity The PubChem entry leaves some stereochemistry unspecified. A rendered shape must not imply a measured enantiomer ratio.
Formula: C10H16 · PubChem CID 18818 ↗
A High-Throughput Method for the Comprehensive Analysis of Terpenes and Terpenoids in Medicinal Cannabis Biomass ↗original analytical study · 2020 · Full text: Table 1 distinguishes standard-confirmed from tentative identities; Table 4 records nondetections. Routine separation does not assign every enantiomer.PubChem: Sabinene (CID 18818) ↗chemical identity database · · CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition.
Terpenes & terpenoids / Sesquiterpenoid alcohol
Guaiol
Fused five- and seven-membered rings carry an alcohol-bearing side group. An oxygenated sesquiterpene in the tested cannabis biomass.
Chemical identification · Detected; identity checked against a standard.
Where the evidence stops A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.
Identity The PubChem reference has defined 3S,5R,8S stereochemistry; an achiral assay does not prove an enantiomer ratio.
Formula: C15H26O · PubChem CID 227829 ↗
A High-Throughput Method for the Comprehensive Analysis of Terpenes and Terpenoids in Medicinal Cannabis Biomass ↗original analytical study · 2020 · Full text: Table 1 distinguishes standard-confirmed from tentative identities; Table 4 records nondetections. Routine separation does not assign every enantiomer.PubChem: Guaiol (CID 227829) ↗chemical identity database · · CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition.
Terpenes & terpenoids / Monoterpenoid ketone
Fenchone
A carbon–oxygen double bond turns this bridged framework into a ketone, distinct from the alcohol fenchol. An oxygenated analyte in the cited cannabis profile.
Chemical identification · Detected; identity checked against a standard.
Where the evidence stops A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.
Identity The PubChem entry leaves some stereochemistry unspecified. A rendered shape must not imply a measured enantiomer ratio.
Formula: C10H16O · PubChem CID 14525 ↗
A High-Throughput Method for the Comprehensive Analysis of Terpenes and Terpenoids in Medicinal Cannabis Biomass ↗original analytical study · 2020 · Full text: Table 1 distinguishes standard-confirmed from tentative identities; Table 4 records nondetections. Routine separation does not assign every enantiomer.PubChem: Fenchone (CID 14525) ↗chemical identity database · · CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition.
Terpenes & terpenoids / Monoterpenoid alcohol
Isopulegol
This oxygenated molecule has a six-membered ring, an alcohol and a double-bonded side group. A standard-confirmed analyte in cannabis biomass analysis.
Chemical identification · Detected; identity checked against a standard.
Where the evidence stops A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.
Identity The selected PubChem reference is (1R,2S,5R); the assay does not assign all sample stereochemistry.
Formula: C10H18O · PubChem CID 170833 ↗
A High-Throughput Method for the Comprehensive Analysis of Terpenes and Terpenoids in Medicinal Cannabis Biomass ↗original analytical study · 2020 · Full text: Table 1 distinguishes standard-confirmed from tentative identities; Table 4 records nondetections. Routine separation does not assign every enantiomer.PubChem: Isopulegol (CID 170833) ↗chemical identity database · · CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition.
Flavonoids / Geranylated flavone
Cannflavin A
A geranyl side chain attaches to the flavone core. This branch distinguishes cannflavin A from cannflavin B. A specialized metabolite with a characterized biosynthetic route.
Laboratory evidence · CsPT3 enzyme experiments formed cannflavin A from chrysoeriol using a geranyl donor.
Where the evidence stops Enzyme reconstruction explains how the molecule can be made. It does not establish human pain relief, potency versus aspirin or a benefit from hemp seed products.
Identity A geranyl chain attaches at carbon 6; cannflavin C attaches the chain at a different position.
Formula: C26H28O6 · PubChem CID 10071695 ↗
Biosynthesis of cannflavins A and B from Cannabis sativa L. ↗original biosynthesis study · 2019 · Abstract inspected: CsOMT21 converts luteolin to chrysoeriol; CsPT3 adds geranyl or dimethylallyl groups to form cannflavins A or B.PubChem: Cannflavin A (CID 10071695) ↗chemical identity database · · CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition.
Flavonoids / Prenylated flavone
Cannflavin B
A five-carbon prenyl group sits on a methylated flavone scaffold. A specialized metabolite studied through enzyme reconstruction.
Laboratory evidence · CsPT3 formed cannflavin B from chrysoeriol using a dimethylallyl donor.
Where the evidence stops Biosynthesis is not clinical efficacy. Findings for synthetic isocannflavin B cannot be attributed to cannflavin B or ordinary cannabis products.
Identity The branch attaches at carbon 6. Isocannflavin B is a different positional isomer.
Formula: C21H20O6 · PubChem CID 403815 ↗
Biosynthesis of cannflavins A and B from Cannabis sativa L. ↗original biosynthesis study · 2019 · Abstract inspected: CsOMT21 converts luteolin to chrysoeriol; CsPT3 adds geranyl or dimethylallyl groups to form cannflavins A or B.PubChem: Cannflavin B (CID 403815) ↗chemical identity database · · CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition.
Flavonoids / Geranylated flavone
Cannflavin C
Cannflavin C shares a formula with cannflavin A, but its geranyl branch connects at a different site. A less familiar constituent characterized by isolation chemistry.
Chemical identification · Isolated and structurally characterized from the cannabis variety studied in 2008.
Where the evidence stops A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.
Identity The geranyl group is at carbon 8, not carbon 6. Equal mass alone cannot distinguish it from cannflavin A.
Formula: C26H28O6 · PubChem CID 25141335 ↗
Non-cannabinoid constituents from a high potency Cannabis sativa variety ↗original isolation and structure study · 2008 · Publisher abstract and article preview: isolation and structural characterization of cannflavin C from the studied cannabis variety. No human treatment evidence.PubChem: Cannflavin C (CID 25141335) ↗chemical identity database · · CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition.
Flavonoids / Flavone aglycone
Apigenin
Apigenin illustrates the three-ring flavone core without an attached sugar. A phenolic constituent measured in cannabis analytical studies.
Chemical identification · Quantified in dried material from three cultivars.
Where the evidence stops A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.
Identity The aglycone is distinct from its C-linked and O-linked sugar derivatives.
Formula: C15H10O5 · PubChem CID 5280443 ↗
Tea Prepared from Dried Cannabis: What Do We Drink? ↗original analytical study · 2024 · Table 2: measured flavonoids in three dried cultivars. Four tested flavonoids were below quantification; a target list alone is not positive detection.PubChem: Apigenin (CID 5280443) ↗chemical identity database · · CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition.
Flavonoids / Flavone aglycone
Luteolin
An additional hydroxyl group distinguishes luteolin from apigenin. A measured constituent and a starting point in cannflavin biosynthesis.
Laboratory evidence · Quantified in dried cannabis; the characterized CsOMT21 enzyme converted luteolin to chrysoeriol.
Where the evidence stops A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.
Identity This aglycone is not luteolin glucoside. It also shares a formula, but not connectivity, with kaempferol.
Formula: C15H10O6 · PubChem CID 5280445 ↗
Tea Prepared from Dried Cannabis: What Do We Drink? ↗original analytical study · 2024 · Table 2: measured flavonoids in three dried cultivars. Four tested flavonoids were below quantification; a target list alone is not positive detection.Biosynthesis of cannflavins A and B from Cannabis sativa L. ↗original biosynthesis study · 2019 · Abstract inspected: CsOMT21 converts luteolin to chrysoeriol; CsPT3 adds geranyl or dimethylallyl groups to form cannflavins A or B.PubChem: Luteolin (CID 5280445) ↗chemical identity database · · CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition.
Flavonoids / Methoxylated flavone
Chrysoeriol
Methylation changes one of luteolin’s oxygen-bearing groups to a methoxy group. An experimentally supported intermediate on the route to cannflavins A and B.
Laboratory evidence · Enzyme experiments placed chrysoeriol between luteolin and cannflavins A/B; it was also quantified in dried cannabis.
Where the evidence stops A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.
Identity The methoxy group is at 3′; similarly named methoxylated flavones can have different attachment positions.
Formula: C16H12O6 · PubChem CID 5280666 ↗
Biosynthesis of cannflavins A and B from Cannabis sativa L. ↗original biosynthesis study · 2019 · Abstract inspected: CsOMT21 converts luteolin to chrysoeriol; CsPT3 adds geranyl or dimethylallyl groups to form cannflavins A or B.Tea Prepared from Dried Cannabis: What Do We Drink? ↗original analytical study · 2024 · Table 2: measured flavonoids in three dried cultivars. Four tested flavonoids were below quantification; a target list alone is not positive detection.PubChem: Chrysoeriol (CID 5280666) ↗chemical identity database · · CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition.
Flavonoids / Flavone C-glycoside
Orientin
Orientin carries a glucose unit directly on carbon 8 of a luteolin scaffold. A glycosylated phenolic constituent of the tested cannabis material.
Chemical identification · Quantified in dried material from three cultivars.
Where the evidence stops A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.
Identity Luteolin-8-C-glucoside; do not replace it with the carbon-6 isomer isoorientin.
Formula: C21H20O11 · PubChem CID 5281675 ↗
Tea Prepared from Dried Cannabis: What Do We Drink? ↗original analytical study · 2024 · Table 2: measured flavonoids in three dried cultivars. Four tested flavonoids were below quantification; a target list alone is not positive detection.PubChem: Orientin (CID 5281675) ↗chemical identity database · · CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition.
Flavonoids / Flavone C-glycoside
Vitexin
A glucose unit connects directly to carbon 8 of apigenin. A quantified flavonoid in the tested cannabis material.
Chemical identification · Quantified in dried material from three cultivars.
Where the evidence stops A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.
Identity Apigenin-8-C-glucoside. Its attachment position differs from isovitexin.
Formula: C21H20O10 · PubChem CID 5280441 ↗
Tea Prepared from Dried Cannabis: What Do We Drink? ↗original analytical study · 2024 · Table 2: measured flavonoids in three dried cultivars. Four tested flavonoids were below quantification; a target list alone is not positive detection.PubChem: Vitexin (CID 5280441) ↗chemical identity database · · CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition.
Flavonoids / Flavone C-glycoside
Isovitexin
The glucose unit occupies carbon 6 rather than carbon 8. The formula remains identical to vitexin. A candidate tracked in cannabis flavonoid analysis.
Chemical identification · Leaf imaging assigned an isovitexin-compatible signal; three other cultivars were below the quantification limit.
Where the evidence stops The imaging assignment has isomer ambiguity, and nondetection depends on the method’s limit. Neither establishes presence in every cultivar.
Identity Apigenin-6-C-glucoside. Exact-mass imaging alone cannot uniquely separate it from vitexin.
Formula: C21H20O10 · PubChem CID 162350 ↗
Leaves of Cannabis sativa and their trichomes studied by DESI and MALDI mass spectrometry imaging for their contents of cannabinoids and flavonoids ↗original analytical imaging study · 2023 · Full text: leaf imaging and Table 2. Exact-mass images may combine isomers; they do not uniquely distinguish every named flavonoid.Tea Prepared from Dried Cannabis: What Do We Drink? ↗original analytical study · 2024 · Table 2: measured flavonoids in three dried cultivars. Four tested flavonoids were below quantification; a target list alone is not positive detection.PubChem: Isovitexin (CID 162350) ↗chemical identity database · · CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition.
Flavonoids / Flavonol O-glycoside
Isoquercetin
An oxygen link joins glucose to carbon 3 of quercetin. A measured glycoside in cannabis phenolic profiles.
Chemical identification · Quantified in dried material from three cultivars.
Where the evidence stops A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.
Identity This reference is quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside. PubChem names can also resolve to other sugar forms, so the selected CID matters.
Formula: C21H20O12 · PubChem CID 5280804 ↗
Tea Prepared from Dried Cannabis: What Do We Drink? ↗original analytical study · 2024 · Table 2: measured flavonoids in three dried cultivars. Four tested flavonoids were below quantification; a target list alone is not positive detection.PubChem: Isoquercetin (CID 5280804) ↗chemical identity database · · CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition.
Flavonoids / Flavonol O-glycoside
Rutin
A two-sugar group is attached to the quercetin core, making rutin larger than isoquercetin. A glycoside measured in commercial hemp inflorescences.
Chemical identification · Measured using chromatography and an authentic reference standard.
Where the evidence stops A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.
Identity Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside contains a disaccharide; it is not another name for quercetin itself.
Formula: C27H30O16 · PubChem CID 5280805 ↗
Analysis of Phenolic Compounds in Commercial Cannabis sativa L. Inflorescences Using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS ↗original analytical study · 2020 · Full text: Tables 1–2 and analytical standards. Conventional flavonoids were measured; cannflavins used post-target screening without authentic standards.PubChem: Rutin (CID 5280805) ↗chemical identity database · · CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition.
Flavonoids / Flavonol aglycone
Quercetin
Quercetin has a hydroxyl group at carbon 3 of the central ring and no sugar attached. A flavonol quantified in some cannabis inflorescence samples.
Chemical identification · Measured against a standard in one study; below quantification in three cultivars in another.
Where the evidence stops The differing analytical results show why detection cannot be generalized across plants. This catalogue makes no clinical claim for quercetin in cannabis.
Identity The sugar-free aglycone differs from isoquercetin and rutin.
Formula: C15H10O7 · PubChem CID 5280343 ↗
Analysis of Phenolic Compounds in Commercial Cannabis sativa L. Inflorescences Using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS ↗original analytical study · 2020 · Full text: Tables 1–2 and analytical standards. Conventional flavonoids were measured; cannflavins used post-target screening without authentic standards.Tea Prepared from Dried Cannabis: What Do We Drink? ↗original analytical study · 2024 · Table 2: measured flavonoids in three dried cultivars. Four tested flavonoids were below quantification; a target list alone is not positive detection.PubChem: Quercetin (CID 5280343) ↗chemical identity database · · CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition.
Flavonoids / Flavonol aglycone
Kaempferol
Kaempferol has the same formula as luteolin, but a hydroxyl group occupies a different position. A flavonol investigated in cannabis phenolic profiles.
Chemical identification · Measured against a standard in one study; below quantification in three cultivars in another.
Where the evidence stops Presence and concentration vary with sample and analytical method; a listed chemical is not a standardized ingredient or a proven treatment.
Identity A constitutional isomer of luteolin. Formula or exact mass alone is not enough to distinguish them.
Formula: C15H10O6 · PubChem CID 5280863 ↗
Analysis of Phenolic Compounds in Commercial Cannabis sativa L. Inflorescences Using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS ↗original analytical study · 2020 · Full text: Tables 1–2 and analytical standards. Conventional flavonoids were measured; cannflavins used post-target screening without authentic standards.Tea Prepared from Dried Cannabis: What Do We Drink? ↗original analytical study · 2024 · Table 2: measured flavonoids in three dried cultivars. Four tested flavonoids were below quantification; a target list alone is not positive detection.PubChem: Kaempferol (CID 5280863) ↗chemical identity database · · CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition.
Flavonoids / Flavone O-glycoside
Cynaroside
Glucose connects through the oxygen at position 7 of luteolin. A flavone glycoside measured in the studied hemp inflorescences.
Chemical identification · Measured using chromatography and an authentic reference standard.
Where the evidence stops A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.
Identity Luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside. It shares a formula with orientin but differs in both linkage and attachment position.
Formula: C21H20O11 · PubChem CID 5280637 ↗
Analysis of Phenolic Compounds in Commercial Cannabis sativa L. Inflorescences Using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS ↗original analytical study · 2020 · Full text: Tables 1–2 and analytical standards. Conventional flavonoids were measured; cannflavins used post-target screening without authentic standards.PubChem: Cynaroside (CID 5280637) ↗chemical identity database · · CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition.
Terpenes & terpenoids / Monoterpenoid alcohol
Geraniol
An alcohol group sits at the end of an open ten-carbon chain. The E double-bond geometry distinguishes geraniol from nerol. A volatile detected in a studied hemp population and investigated in cell and mouse experiments.
Animal evidence · Geraniol was detected in some F2 hemp plants. Separately, LaVigne and colleagues reported cannabinoid-like mouse behaviors and interactions with the synthetic agonist WIN55,212-2.
Where the evidence stops Injected-mouse and cell experiments do not establish a clinical benefit from geraniol, its aroma or a cannabis product. Detection varied among the plants; no Mount Herbs batch was tested.
Identity PubChem specifies (2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol. Nerol is the different 2Z geometric isomer.
Formula: C10H18O · PubChem CID 637566 ↗
Quantitative trait loci controlling agronomic and biochemical traits in Cannabis sativa ↗original analytical and genetic study · 2021 · Full-text results and Table 2 inspected. Geraniol was detectable in members of the Carmagnola × USO31 F2 hemp population, although not in the parents or F1. This is positive sample evidence, not merely inclusion in a standards panel.Cannabis sativa terpenes are cannabimimetic and selectively enhance cannabinoid activity ↗original cell and animal study · 2021 · Original mouse and cell experiments using isolated compounds and the synthetic agonist WIN55,212-2; no patient efficacy trial.PubChem: Geraniol (CID 637566) ↗chemical identity database · · CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition.
A SIMPLIFIED MAP / NOT A PRODUCTION GUIDE
A shared beginning.
Different chemical paths.
CBGA sits at a branch point in major cannabinoid pathways. Different synthases form different acids. Losing carbon dioxide through decarboxylation produces corresponding neutral forms; that is a separate change from the enzyme reactions. The map shows selected relationships, not every pathway, intermediate or storage reaction.
Branch pointCBGA ↗Precursor acid
Terpenes and flavonoids follow other biosynthetic routes. Their presence alongside cannabinoids does not prove that a mixture works better in people. The catalogue includes both negative receptor experiments and positive early studies of particular combinations.
Luo et al. · cannabinoid pathway experiments ↗
From a molecule to a medical claim.
- Identify
- Chromatography, mass spectrometry and NMR help establish what a sample contains. A name in a paper is not a measurement of your product.
- Model
- Docking predicts possible poses. Molecular dynamics explores motion within a chosen model; its assumptions matter.
- Measure
- Binding and signalling assays test molecular activity in a defined system. Affinity, potency and efficacy describe different measurements.
- Test in animals
- An animal result can guide the next experiment. Species, sex, route and exposure can change what it means.
- Test in people
- A clinical result needs a defined formulation, population, comparator, outcome and safety assessment.
Follow the molecular studies.
Cloning & functional expression
9 August 1990 · Laboratory evidence
A receptor, identified.
Matsuda and colleagues cloned a rat receptor and expressed it in cells. Its responses helped establish a specific G-protein-coupled mechanism for cannabinoids.
Where the evidence stops This is receptor biology, not a trial showing that a medicine helps patients.
Structure of a cannabinoid receptor and functional expression of the cloned cDNA ↗Original indexed abstract
Isolation · mass spectrometry · NMR
18 December 1992 · Laboratory evidence
The body has signals of its own.
Devane and colleagues identified anandamide in porcine brain, confirmed its structure by synthesis and tested cannabinoid-receptor binding.
Where the evidence stops Anandamide is an endocannabinoid made in the body. It is not a plant cannabinoid or an ingredient in hemp seed oil.
Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor ↗Original indexed abstract
Molecular cloning & receptor characterization
2 September 1993 · Laboratory evidence
Another receptor broadens the picture.
Munro and colleagues characterized a second cannabinoid receptor, now called CB2. Cannabis research gained another defined molecular target.
Where the evidence stops Receptor expression or binding alone does not establish an anti-inflammatory treatment.
Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids ↗Original indexed publication
Receptor assays · cells · mice
23 June 2008 online · Animal evidence
A terpene can have receptor activity.
Gertsch and colleagues studied β-caryophyllene at CB2 and in an inflammatory mouse model. The response differed between wild-type and CB2-deficient mice.
Where the evidence stops Receptor activity does not turn a terpene into a THC-like molecule. This study did not establish an anti-inflammatory treatment in people.
Beta-caryophyllene is a dietary cannabinoid ↗Original full-text abstract / indexed date
Trichome transcriptomics & enzyme assays
16 July 2012 online · Laboratory evidence
How the plant begins building cannabinoids.
Gagne and colleagues showed that tetraketide synthase works with olivetolic acid cyclase to form olivetolic acid, an early part of cannabinoid biosynthesis.
Where the evidence stops An enzyme pathway explains chemical production. It does not show medicinal benefit or the composition of a particular product.
Identification of olivetolic acid cyclase from Cannabis sativa reveals a unique catalytic route to plant polyketides ↗Original full text / abstract
X-ray crystallography · docking
16 November 2016 online · Laboratory evidence
A closer view of the binding pocket.
Shao and colleagues resolved engineered human CB1 bound to taranabant at 2.6 Å. The structure provided a framework for studying ligand binding.
Where the evidence stops The measured structure contains an inhibitor. A docked THC pose is a model, not an experimentally measured THC complex.
High-resolution crystal structure of the human CB1 cannabinoid receptor ↗Publisher abstract; primary structure accession 5U09
Metabolic engineering
27 February 2019 online · Laboratory evidence
The pathway can work outside the plant.
Luo and colleagues engineered yeast to make several cannabinoid acids from galactose. Feeding different fatty acids also produced modified analogues.
Where the evidence stops Microbial production is a chemistry platform. Modified analogues are not automatically natural cannabis compounds or effective medicines.
Complete biosynthesis of cannabinoids and their unnatural analogues in yeast ↗Original indexed abstract; author correction published 17 March 2020
Recombinant enzymes · biosynthesis
28 May 2019 online · Laboratory evidence
Another branch of the plant’s chemistry.
Rea and colleagues reconstructed enzyme steps from luteolin through chrysoeriol to cannflavins A and B. The work helped explain how cannabis makes these prenylated flavones.
Where the evidence stops The enzyme pathway establishes chemical production, not an effective or safe treatment using cannflavins.
Biosynthesis of cannflavins A and B from Cannabis sativa L. ↗Original indexed abstract
Human-receptor cell assay · negative finding
23 September 2019 collection date · Laboratory evidence
A mixture does not always change the response.
Santiago and colleagues tested six terpenoids in cells expressing human CB1 or CB2. They did not find enhancement of THC responses in the potassium-channel assay they used.
Where the evidence stops This does not rule out every target or combination. It does challenge a universal claim that adding these terpenes enhances THC at these receptors.
Absence of Entourage: Terpenoids Commonly Found in Cannabis sativa Do Not Modulate the Functional Activity of Δ9-THC at Human CB1 and CB2 Receptors ↗Original indexed abstract; collection date used, not an inferred first-online date
Cell assays · mouse behavioural experiments
15 April 2021 · Animal evidence
Other experiments ask different questions.
LaVigne and colleagues reported cannabinoid-like behavioural effects of selected terpenes in mice and interaction with the synthetic cannabinoid agonist WIN55,212-2.
Where the evidence stops Different compounds, targets and experimental designs can give different answers. These results do not establish a whole-plant entourage benefit in people.
Cannabis sativa terpenes are cannabimimetic and selectively enhance cannabinoid activity ↗Original publisher paper / indexed abstract
Cryo-EM · docking · molecular dynamics · signalling assays
9 May 2023 · Laboratory evidence
Seeing an analogue of a body-made signal.
Krishna Kumar and colleagues studied CB1 with AMG315, an anandamide analogue, and investigated interactions with receptor toggle-switch residues.
Where the evidence stops AMG315 is a research analogue. Its structure is not direct imaging of anandamide or proof of a clinical treatment.
Structural basis for activation of CB1 by an endocannabinoid analog ↗Original indexed abstract
Small acute human crossover experiment
13 March 2024 online · Human study
A particular mixture, tested in people.
Spindle and colleagues studied vaporized D-limonene with THC in 20 healthy adults who used cannabis intermittently. The strongest combination, tested in 12 participants, reduced acute THC-associated anxiety and paranoia ratings; other effects were unchanged.
Where the evidence stops This is not a treatment trial for an anxiety disorder and does not establish benefits from oral terpene blends, aromas or consumer products.
Vaporized D-limonene selectively mitigates the acute anxiogenic effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy adults who intermittently use cannabis ↗Original indexed abstract
Cryo-EM · molecular dynamics · cellular pharmacology
8 January 2025 · Laboratory evidence
Binding is more than a frozen shape.
Thorsen and colleagues resolved HU210-bound CB1 and compared THC with ten analogues using signalling assays and molecular simulations. Different ligands produced different activity and kinetics.
Where the evidence stops HU210 is a synthetic tool compound. The simulated poses and receptor assays do not establish patient benefit or safe use of the compounds.
Structural basis of THC analog activity at the Cannabinoid 1 receptor ↗Original full-text sections / abstract
Virtual screening · synthesis · cryo-EM · male-mouse experiments
6 March 2025 · Animal evidence
A prediction becomes a testable candidate.
Tummino and colleagues docked 74 million molecules, synthesized selected candidates and optimized a CB1 agonist called 1350. It showed analgesic activity in male mice with a separation from some adverse behaviours.
Where the evidence stops The paper combines prediction with experiments. The compound is a synthetic lead, and mouse results do not establish effectiveness or safety in people.
Virtual library docking for cannabinoid-1 receptor agonists with reduced side effects ↗Original publisher abstract; structure deposited as PDB 9DGI
Pangenomics & synthase-gene analysis
28 May 2025 online · Laboratory evidence
Many genomes, many chemical possibilities.
Lynch and colleagues assembled a cannabis pangenome and examined structural variation, cannabinoid synthases and their evolutionary relationships.
Where the evidence stops Genes help explain potential chemistry. They do not substitute for testing the compounds in a harvest or establish its therapeutic effect.
Domesticated cannabinoid synthases amid a wild mosaic cannabis pangenome ↗Original publisher sections / indexed record
Agonist-bound X-ray crystal structures · corrected publication
27 August 2025 online · Laboratory evidence
The scientific record can change.
Hua and colleagues published CB1 structures with the research agonists AM11542 and AM841. The publication sits alongside a same-day retraction notice for the earlier 2017 article with the same title.
Where the evidence stops We cite the 2025 publication, not the retracted 2017 paper as current evidence. Research agonists are not the same as natural THC; this record does not establish clinical efficacy.
Crystal structures of agonist-bound human cannabinoid receptor CB1 · 2025 publication ↗Publisher abstract and publication metadata
Retraction notice for the earlier 2017 article ↗Ligand design · cellular pharmacology · molecular modelling
18 March 2026 online · Laboratory evidence
Small changes can shift receptor activity.
Ganzoni and colleagues varied a position on an HU-308-derived scaffold to change CB2 receptor activity. The work investigated how those modifications interact with the Trp258 toggle switch.
Where the evidence stops These are designed ligands and laboratory findings. They do not prove that natural terpenes, a plant extract or a seed food treats inflammatory disease.
Single-position ligand modifications tune CB2R activity by targeting the toggle switch ↗Original publisher abstract / supplementary metadata
Cellular assays · mutagenesis · modelling · male mice
28 March 2026 · Animal evidence
A rare cannabinoid brings new questions.
A CBDP study investigated negative allosteric modulation of CB1 at two proposed sites, combining receptor experiments, molecular modelling and mouse work.
Where the evidence stops Predicted binding energies are computational estimates. The study is preclinical and does not establish human benefit, dosing or safety.
Cannabidiphorol (CBDP) acts as a negative allosteric modulator at two distinct sites of cannabinoid receptor 1 ↗Original indexed abstract / publisher sections
Structure–activity analysis · signalling assays · mouse pain models
13 April 2026 online · 28 May issue · Animal evidence
Can signalling separate relief from side effects?
Liao and colleagues designed Gi-biased CB1 agonists LZD503 and LZD505. The study reported analgesic effects with reduced adverse effects in mouse experiments.
Where the evidence stops Reduced adverse effects in mice do not establish human safety. These synthetic research compounds are not ingredients in Mount Herbs products or approved treatments established by this study.
Rational design of Gi-biased CB1 agonist with reduced side effects ↗Original indexed abstract / publisher summary
What this atlas includes.
Coverage, identities & limits
Sources checked 5 October 2026. This edition contains 72 selected compound records: 32 cannabinoids, 26 terpenes and terpenoids, and 14 flavonoids. 68 exact PubChem identities have local coordinate files. 4 records have no included structure. Detection differs between tissues, varieties, storage conditions and analytical methods; this catalogue is not an assay of Mount Herbs products.
“All” does not have one agreed count. Papers may count acids, neutral forms, glycosides, degradation products and stereoisomers differently. This catalogue names the included identities; it does not claim every cannabis compound or every molecular study. Terpenoids include oxygenated relatives of terpenes. Endocannabinoids and synthetic tool compounds appear in the study timeline for context and are not added to the plant-compound count.
PubChem 3D coordinates are computed conformers of reference identities. The movement here is camera rotation, not a molecular dynamics simulation, docking result or electron-density measurement. The connectivity maps show bond orders and omit stereo annotations and hydrogens. Read each identity note before interpreting an enantiomer or isomer. PubChem 3D documentation ↗
Evidence labels identify the kind of evidence described in each record; they are not scores or a claim that the compound is safe or effective. Sources range from full-text experiments to abstract-only access and older bibliographic records; that access is identified. The 19-record timeline is a selected introduction to receptor biology, biosynthesis, genomics and drug discovery. It is ordered by publication dates, with equal spacing rather than a proportional time scale. Human treatment results are covered separately in the medical reading room.
Published descriptions were summarized; no new molecular experiments or simulations were performed for this website. A clinician has not independently reviewed this atlas. Download the catalogue, evidence notes & sources ↗ · Read the clinical evidence ↗