{ "edition": 25, "checkedAt": "2026-10-05", "scope": "Selected cannabis compound identities and selected molecular studies; not exhaustive; not an assay of Mount Herbs products.", "counts": { "cannabinoid": 32, "terpene": 26, "flavonoid": 14 }, "structureCount": 68, "records": [ { "id": "thc", "name": "Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol", "short": "THC", "category": "cannabinoid", "family": "THC family", "aliases": [ "Delta-9-THC", "Dronabinol" ], "summary": "The best-known intoxicating cannabinoid, with a ring-closed structure.", "role": "Cannabinoid-receptor activity; selected prescription uses.", "evidenceStage": "medicine", "evidence": "In the US, prescription dronabinol is approved for selected chemotherapy-related nausea and AIDS-related appetite/weight-loss indications.", "limitation": "Approval concerns specific medicines. Intoxication, impairment and adverse effects remain relevant; it does not establish benefits for seed foods.", "sources": [ "can-fda", "pc-thc" ], "pubchemCid": 16078, "formula": "C21H30O2", "structureNote": "Natural trans-(6aR,10aR) Δ9 configuration. Other THC isomers are not interchangeable." }, { "id": "thca", "name": "Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A", "short": "THCA-A", "category": "cannabinoid", "family": "THC family", "aliases": [ "THCA", "Δ9-THCA-A" ], "summary": "An acidic precursor that can lose carbon dioxide to form THC.", "role": "Acidic member of the THC biosynthetic branch.", "evidenceStage": "animal", "evidence": "A 2017 study found PPARγ-related activity in cells and protection in a toxin-induced mouse model.", "limitation": "This is preclinical research, not evidence that THCA treats a human neurodegenerative disease.", "sources": [ "can-thca-2017", "pc-thca" ], "pubchemCid": 98523, "formula": "C22H30O4", "structureNote": "Explicit natural trans-THCA-A identity; generic THCA name searches can return a different isomer." }, { "id": "cbd", "name": "Cannabidiol", "short": "CBD", "category": "cannabinoid", "family": "CBD family", "aliases": [], "summary": "A cannabinoid whose open-ring arrangement differs from THC.", "role": "Exact purified formulations have prescription evidence.", "evidenceStage": "medicine", "evidence": "The May 2026 US EPIDIOLEX label covers seizures associated with Dravet syndrome, Lennox–Gastaut syndrome and tuberous sclerosis complex from age one.", "limitation": "This exact prescription formulation requires clinical monitoring. Liver injury, sedation and interactions occur; retail CBD and hemp seed oil are not equivalent.", "sources": [ "can-cbd-label", "can-cbd-2017", "pc-cbd" ], "pubchemCid": 644019, "formula": "C21H30O2", "structureNote": "Natural (1R,6R) cannabidiol. Formula alone cannot distinguish CBD from THC." }, { "id": "cbda", "name": "Cannabidiolic acid", "short": "CBDA", "category": "cannabinoid", "family": "CBD family", "aliases": [], "summary": "The acidic counterpart of CBD found in the plant’s cannabinoid chemistry.", "role": "Acid precursor to CBD through decarboxylation.", "evidenceStage": "animal", "evidence": "A 2019 study reported anticonvulsant activity in a mouse model of Dravet syndrome and measured cannabinoid-acid exposure.", "limitation": "Mouse exposure and seizure results do not establish an effective or safe human treatment.", "sources": [ "can-acid-2019", "pc-cbda" ], "pubchemCid": 160570, "formula": "C22H30O4", "structureNote": "Natural (1R,6R) CBDA; carboxylated CBD connectivity." }, { "id": "cbg", "name": "Cannabigerol", "short": "CBG", "category": "cannabinoid", "family": "CBG family", "aliases": [], "summary": "A cannabinoid with a flexible geranyl side chain.", "role": "Neutral counterpart of the biosynthetic precursor CBGA.", "evidenceStage": "human", "evidence": "A 2026 single-dose study in 12 healthy adults measured oral CBG exposure and tolerability; robust pharmacodynamic effects were not observed.", "limitation": "A small acute study cannot establish disease benefit, long-term safety or safety in other populations.", "sources": [ "can-cbg-2026", "pc-cbg" ], "pubchemCid": 5315659, "formula": "C21H32O2", "structureNote": "The registry specifies the E geranyl-chain configuration." }, { "id": "cbga", "name": "Cannabigerolic acid", "short": "CBGA", "category": "cannabinoid", "family": "CBG family", "aliases": [], "summary": "A branch-point precursor in the production of several cannabinoid acids.", "role": "Biosynthetic precursor; acid counterpart of CBG.", "evidenceStage": "animal", "evidence": "In 2021 mouse experiments, CBGA protected in some seizure tests but worsened seizures in other models or conditions.", "limitation": "The conflicting effects rule out a simple anticonvulsant claim. Human benefit is not established here.", "sources": [ "can-cbga-2021", "pc-cbga" ], "pubchemCid": 6449999, "formula": "C22H32O4", "structureNote": "E geranyl-chain acid; distinct from neutral CBG." }, { "id": "cbc", "name": "Cannabichromene", "short": "CBC", "category": "cannabinoid", "family": "CBC family", "aliases": [], "summary": "A chromene-ring cannabinoid related to the acid CBCA.", "role": "Neutral member of the CBC branch.", "evidenceStage": "animal", "evidence": "CBC raised the thermal seizure threshold in a 2021 mouse model of Dravet syndrome.", "limitation": "This assay does not establish an epilepsy treatment for people or settle other proposed uses.", "sources": [ "can-cbc-2021", "pc-cbc" ], "pubchemCid": 30219, "formula": "C21H30O2", "structureNote": "This PubChem record leaves the stereocentre unspecified; it is not a claim about one natural enantiomer." }, { "id": "cbca", "name": "Cannabichromenic acid", "short": "CBCA", "category": "cannabinoid", "family": "CBC family", "aliases": [], "summary": "The carboxylated member of the cannabichromene branch.", "role": "Acid precursor to CBC.", "evidenceStage": "animal", "evidence": "CBCA showed activity in the thermal seizure assay reported in the 2021 CBC-family mouse study.", "limitation": "The result is preclinical and does not establish human therapeutic efficacy.", "sources": [ "can-cbc-2021", "pc-cbca" ], "pubchemCid": 3084339, "formula": "C22H30O4", "structureNote": "Registry connectivity has unspecified stereochemistry." }, { "id": "cbn", "name": "Cannabinol", "short": "CBN", "category": "cannabinoid", "family": "Oxidative & rearranged", "aliases": [], "summary": "An aromatic cannabinoid often associated with changes during cannabis storage.", "role": "Oxidative cannabinoid chemistry; sleep research.", "evidenceStage": "human", "evidence": "In a 2026 crossover trial with 20 adults with insomnia, neither tested CBN dose significantly improved the primary wake-after-sleep-onset outcome.", "limitation": "Single-night findings do not show established insomnia efficacy; secondary findings cannot overturn the null primary result.", "sources": [ "can-cbn-2026", "pc-cbn" ], "pubchemCid": 2543, "formula": "C21H26O2", "structureNote": "A more aromatic ring system than THC; the formula differs accordingly." }, { "id": "cbna", "name": "Cannabinolic acid", "short": "CBNA", "category": "cannabinoid", "family": "Oxidative & rearranged", "aliases": [], "summary": "The carboxylated structural relative of cannabinol.", "role": "Acidic member of the CBN family.", "evidenceStage": "chemistry", "evidence": "The cited PubChem record verifies a distinct molecular identity and formula for CBNA.", "limitation": "An identity record supplies no human therapeutic result, dose or safety conclusion.", "sources": [ "pc-cbna" ], "pubchemCid": 3081990, "formula": "C22H26O4", "structureNote": "Cannabinolic acid connectivity; not the same molecule as CBN." }, { "id": "thcv", "name": "Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabivarin", "short": "THCV", "category": "cannabinoid", "family": "Varin family", "aliases": [ "Δ9-THCV" ], "summary": "A THC relative with a three-carbon rather than five-carbon side chain.", "role": "Propyl homologue of THC.", "evidenceStage": "human", "evidence": "A 2016 diabetes pilot trial found no effect on its primary HDL endpoint; THCV showed exploratory secondary glycaemic signals.", "limitation": "The small five-arm trial does not establish a diabetes medicine or support weight-loss promises.", "sources": [ "can-thcv-2016", "pc-thcv" ], "pubchemCid": 93147, "formula": "C19H26O2", "structureNote": "Natural trans-(6aR,10aR) Δ9-THCV configuration." }, { "id": "thcva", "name": "Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid", "short": "THCVA", "category": "cannabinoid", "family": "Varin family", "aliases": [ "THCVA-A" ], "summary": "An acidic, shorter-side-chain relative of THCA.", "role": "Acid precursor associated with the THCV branch.", "evidenceStage": "chemistry", "evidence": "Its verified registry identity separates THCVA from neutral THCV and from the pentyl acid THCA.", "limitation": "Structural relatedness does not transfer THCV’s human findings to THCVA.", "sources": [ "pc-thcva" ], "pubchemCid": 59444416, "formula": "C20H26O4", "structureNote": "The registry specifies the natural trans-(6aR,10aR) acid configuration." }, { "id": "cbdv", "name": "Cannabidivarin", "short": "CBDV", "category": "cannabinoid", "family": "Varin family", "aliases": [], "summary": "A propyl-side-chain relative of cannabidiol.", "role": "Neutral member of the CBD varin branch.", "evidenceStage": "human", "evidence": "A 2021 randomized trial in 162 people with inadequately controlled focal seizures found no significant seizure-frequency advantage over placebo.", "limitation": "The primary trial was negative. CBDV should not inherit CBD medicine claims.", "sources": [ "can-cbdv-2021", "pc-cbdv" ], "pubchemCid": 11601669, "formula": "C19H26O2", "structureNote": "Natural (1R,6R) CBDV; shorter side chain than CBD." }, { "id": "cbdva", "name": "Cannabidivarinic acid", "short": "CBDVA", "category": "cannabinoid", "family": "Varin family", "aliases": [], "summary": "The acidic counterpart of the shorter-side-chain molecule CBDV.", "role": "Acid member of the CBD varin branch.", "evidenceStage": "animal", "evidence": "CBDVA increased the thermal seizure threshold in the 2021 Dravet-model mouse experiments.", "limitation": "This does not establish human benefit or reverse the separate negative CBDV trial.", "sources": [ "can-cbga-2021", "pc-cbdva" ], "pubchemCid": 59444387, "formula": "C20H26O4", "structureNote": "Registry (1R,6R) acid configuration." }, { "id": "cbgv", "name": "Cannabigerovarin", "short": "CBGV", "category": "cannabinoid", "family": "Varin family", "aliases": [], "summary": "The propyl homologue of cannabigerol.", "role": "Shorter-side-chain member of the CBG branch.", "evidenceStage": "laboratory", "evidence": "Recombinant-cell experiments reported CBGV effects on TRPV3 and TRPV4 channel desensitization.", "limitation": "An ion-channel assay is not evidence of a gastrointestinal treatment in people.", "sources": [ "can-cbgv-trp", "pc-cbgv" ], "pubchemCid": 59444407, "formula": "C19H28O2", "structureNote": "E geranyl-chain configuration; propyl aromatic side chain." }, { "id": "cbgva", "name": "Cannabigerovarinic acid", "short": "CBGVA", "category": "cannabinoid", "family": "Varin family", "aliases": [], "summary": "An acidic CBG relative with a shorter aromatic side chain.", "role": "Precursor within varin cannabinoid chemistry.", "evidenceStage": "animal", "evidence": "CBGVA raised the thermal seizure threshold in the 2021 mouse experiments.", "limitation": "The cited animal work does not establish human anticonvulsant efficacy or clinical safety.", "sources": [ "can-cbga-2021", "pc-cbgva" ], "pubchemCid": 59444383, "formula": "C20H28O4", "structureNote": "Registry E-chain acid; distinct from CBGV and CBGA." }, { "id": "cbcv", "name": "Cannabichromevarin", "short": "CBCV", "category": "cannabinoid", "family": "Varin family", "aliases": [ "Cannabichromene varin" ], "summary": "A shorter-side-chain structural relative of CBC.", "role": "Propyl homologue in the CBC branch.", "evidenceStage": "animal", "evidence": "CBCV did not show efficacy in the thermal seizure assay in the 2021 CBC-family mouse study.", "limitation": "Positive results for neighbouring molecules should not be assigned to CBCV.", "sources": [ "can-cbc-2021", "pc-cbcv" ], "pubchemCid": 6451726, "formula": "C19H26O2", "structureNote": "The registry leaves the stereocentre unspecified." }, { "id": "cbcva", "name": "Cannabichromevarinic acid", "short": "CBCVA", "category": "cannabinoid", "family": "Varin family", "aliases": [ "Cannabichromenvarinic acid" ], "summary": "The acidic form of the CBC varin branch.", "role": "Carboxylated relative of CBCV.", "evidenceStage": "animal", "evidence": "CBCVA increased the thermal seizure threshold in the 2021 mouse study, whereas neutral CBCV did not.", "limitation": "A molecule-specific animal finding is not a demonstrated human treatment.", "sources": [ "can-cbc-2021", "pc-cbcva" ], "pubchemCid": 11110322, "formula": "C20H26O4", "structureNote": "Registry acid connectivity has unspecified stereochemistry." }, { "id": "cbl", "name": "Cannabicyclol", "short": "CBL", "category": "cannabinoid", "family": "Oxidative & rearranged", "aliases": [], "summary": "A cannabinoid distinguished by a compact, rearranged ring system.", "role": "Structural example of cannabinoid rearrangement chemistry.", "evidenceStage": "chemistry", "evidence": "PubChem records a defined cannabicyclol structure and molecular formula.", "limitation": "The cited identity source does not establish therapeutic effects or the proportions of stereoisomers in plant material.", "sources": [ "pc-cbl" ], "pubchemCid": 59444380, "formula": "C21H30O2", "structureNote": "This record specifies (1R,9R,12S,14R); the display represents that configuration, not every CBL stereoisomer." }, { "id": "cbla", "name": "Cannabicyclolic acid", "short": "CBLA", "category": "cannabinoid", "family": "Oxidative & rearranged", "aliases": [], "summary": "A rearranged cannabinoid acid reported from stored cannabis.", "role": "Shows how light and storage can change cannabinoid chemistry.", "evidenceStage": "chemistry", "evidence": "The 1972 isolation paper also prepared CBLA by ultraviolet irradiation of CBCA.", "limitation": "Occurrence after storage does not prove an enzymatic plant pathway or a medical benefit.", "sources": [ "can-cbla-1972", "pc-cbla" ], "pubchemCid": 71437560, "formula": "C22H30O4", "structureNote": "The PubChem record leaves stereochemistry unspecified; an acid relative of CBL." }, { "id": "cbt", "name": "Cannabitriol", "short": "CBT", "category": "cannabinoid", "family": "Oxidative & rearranged", "aliases": [ "Cannabitriol-type cannabinoids" ], "summary": "An oxygenated cannabinoid name that requires careful stereochemical qualification.", "role": "Historical extract chemistry with several possible stereochemical forms.", "evidenceStage": "chemistry", "evidence": "A 1977 paper reported the isolation and characterization of (+)-cannabitriol from a cannabis extract.", "limitation": "Only the bibliographic record was accessible. It supplies no clinical finding; CBT can also be confused with cannabicitran abbreviations.", "sources": [ "can-cbt-1977", "pc-cbt" ], "pubchemCid": 11551959, "formula": "C21H30O4", "structureNote": "Generic PubChem connectivity has unspecified stereochemistry; it does not establish the exact (+)-isomer from the historical paper." }, { "id": "cbtc", "name": "Cannabicitran", "short": "CBTC", "category": "cannabinoid", "family": "Oxidative & rearranged", "aliases": [ "Cannabicitran (sometimes abbreviated CBT)" ], "summary": "A multiring cannabinoid that must not be confused with cannabitriol.", "role": "Extract chemistry and stereochemical provenance.", "evidenceStage": "chemistry", "evidence": "A 2023 study found racemic cannabicitran in a commercial extract and separated its two enantiomers.", "limitation": "The origin remains a research question. Chemical identification does not establish clinical benefit.", "sources": [ "can-cbtc-2023", "pc-cbtc" ], "pubchemCid": 101820920, "formula": "C21H30O2", "structureNote": "CID specifies one (1R,4S,13R) enantiomer; it does not depict the study’s racemic mixture." }, { "id": "cbe", "name": "Cannabielsoin", "short": "CBE", "category": "cannabinoid", "family": "Oxidative & rearranged", "aliases": [], "summary": "An oxygenated molecule studied as a CBD oxidation product.", "role": "Connects cannabinoid transformation with receptor-signalling research.", "evidenceStage": "laboratory", "evidence": "In 2024 cell assays, S-CBE activated CB1-linked cAMP signalling without corresponding β-arrestin recruitment under the tested conditions.", "limitation": "Biased signalling in a cell assay does not show a safer or effective medicine in humans.", "sources": [ "can-cbe-2024", "pc-cbe" ], "pubchemCid": 162113, "formula": "C21H30O3", "structureNote": "CID specifies (5aS,6S,9R,9aR); other CBE configurations are not represented." }, { "id": "cbgm", "name": "Cannabigerol monomethyl ether", "short": "CBGM", "category": "cannabinoid", "family": "CBG family", "aliases": [], "summary": "A methyl-ether relative of cannabigerol.", "role": "Example of naturally reported cannabinoid functional-group variation.", "evidenceStage": "chemistry", "evidence": "A 1968 primary paper described CBGM as an isolated component of hemp.", "limitation": "Historical isolation supplies chemical evidence, not an established human treatment or safety profile.", "sources": [ "can-cbgm-1968", "pc-cbgm" ], "pubchemCid": 13864080, "formula": "C22H34O2", "structureNote": "One phenolic oxygen is methylated; the registry specifies an E side-chain configuration." }, { "id": "thcp", "name": "Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabiphorol", "short": "THCP", "category": "cannabinoid", "family": "Side-chain homologues", "aliases": [ "Δ9-THCP" ], "summary": "A THC homologue with a seven-carbon side chain.", "role": "Heptyl cannabinoid studied in binding assays and mice.", "evidenceStage": "animal", "evidence": "The 2019 isolation study reported high CB1 binding affinity and cannabimimetic effects in mice.", "limitation": "Receptor affinity is not a human potency multiplier. Human therapeutic efficacy and safety were not established.", "sources": [ "can-thcp-2019", "pc-thcp" ], "pubchemCid": 6453074, "formula": "C23H34O2", "structureNote": "Natural trans-(6aR,10aR) Δ9-THCP configuration." }, { "id": "thcpa", "name": "Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabiphorolic acid", "short": "THCPA", "category": "cannabinoid", "family": "Side-chain homologues", "aliases": [ "THCP-A" ], "summary": "The acidic member of the seven-carbon THC homologue branch.", "role": "Acidic precursor fraction linked to THCP.", "evidenceStage": "chemistry", "evidence": "The 2019 study described an acidic THCPA fraction used to obtain THCP by decarboxylation.", "limitation": "The precursor observation is chemical evidence, not evidence of clinical activity.", "sources": [ "can-thcp-2019" ], "pubchemCid": null, "formula": null, "structureNote": "No exact PubChem identity has been verified for this entry. No structure is included." }, { "id": "cbdp", "name": "Cannabidiphorol", "short": "CBDP", "category": "cannabinoid", "family": "Side-chain homologues", "aliases": [], "summary": "A seven-carbon-side-chain relative of CBD identified in cannabis.", "role": "Heptyl CBD homologue; receptor-modulation research.", "evidenceStage": "animal", "evidence": "A 2026 study proposed dual-site CB1 negative allosteric modulation using cell assays, modelling and male-mouse experiments.", "limitation": "The proposed mechanism and modest mouse signals are preclinical, not proof of clinical benefit or safer THC use.", "sources": [ "can-cbdp-2026", "can-thcp-2019", "pc-cbdp" ], "pubchemCid": 49873141, "formula": "C23H34O2", "structureNote": "Natural (1R,6R) CBDP; not the mirror-image synthetic ent-CBDP." }, { "id": "cbdpa", "name": "Cannabidiphorolic acid", "short": "CBDPA", "category": "cannabinoid", "family": "Side-chain homologues", "aliases": [ "CBDP-A" ], "summary": "An acidic relative of the seven-carbon cannabinoid CBDP.", "role": "Acidic precursor fraction linked to CBDP.", "evidenceStage": "chemistry", "evidence": "The 2019 study described the corresponding acidic CBDPA fraction before decarboxylation to CBDP.", "limitation": "This does not establish pharmacological equivalence with CBDP or CBD, or clinical benefit.", "sources": [ "can-thcp-2019" ], "pubchemCid": null, "formula": null, "structureNote": "No exact PubChem identity has been verified for this entry. No structure is included." }, { "id": "thcb", "name": "Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabutol", "short": "THCB", "category": "cannabinoid", "family": "Side-chain homologues", "aliases": [ "Δ9-THCB", "Butyl-THC" ], "summary": "A four-carbon-side-chain homologue of THC.", "role": "Butyl cannabinoid isolated from medicinal cannabis.", "evidenceStage": "laboratory", "evidence": "The 2020 isolation study characterized THCB and reported affinity for the human CB1 receptor in laboratory assays.", "limitation": "A human receptor in an assay is not a human clinical trial; efficacy and safe use are not established here.", "sources": [ "can-butyl-2020" ], "pubchemCid": null, "formula": null, "structureNote": "A trustworthy CID was not verified during curation; no look-alike or synthetic-isomer structure is substituted." }, { "id": "cbdb", "name": "Cannabidibutol", "short": "CBDB", "category": "cannabinoid", "family": "Side-chain homologues", "aliases": [ "Butyl-CBD" ], "summary": "A four-carbon-side-chain relative of CBD.", "role": "Butyl homologue in the CBD series.", "evidenceStage": "chemistry", "evidence": "The 2020 butyl-homologue work identified CBDB alongside THCB in medicinal cannabis.", "limitation": "Identification does not transfer CBD’s prescription evidence to this different molecule.", "sources": [ "can-butyl-2020", "pc-cbdb" ], "pubchemCid": 59444413, "formula": "C20H28O2", "structureNote": "Registry (1R,6R) configuration with a butyl aromatic side chain." }, { "id": "thch", "name": "Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabihexol", "short": "THCH", "category": "cannabinoid", "family": "Side-chain homologues", "aliases": [ "Δ9-THCH" ], "summary": "A six-carbon-side-chain THC homologue.", "role": "Hexyl homologue investigated through analytical identification.", "evidenceStage": "chemistry", "evidence": "The 2020 hexyl-homologue paper identified THCH using analytical comparison with a synthesized reference compound.", "limitation": "CBDH’s mouse antinociception result must not be assigned to THCH; clinical efficacy is not shown.", "sources": [ "can-hexyl-2020" ], "pubchemCid": null, "formula": null, "structureNote": "No verified CID selected; do not confuse Δ9-THCH with other parahexyl double-bond isomers." }, { "id": "cbdh", "name": "Cannabidihexol", "short": "CBDH", "category": "cannabinoid", "family": "Side-chain homologues", "aliases": [], "summary": "A six-carbon-side-chain relative of CBD.", "role": "Hexyl homologue joining the pentyl and heptyl series.", "evidenceStage": "animal", "evidence": "The 2020 identification study reported antinociceptive activity of CBDH in mice.", "limitation": "An animal pain-response experiment does not establish pain relief or safety in humans.", "sources": [ "can-hexyl-2020", "pc-cbdh" ], "pubchemCid": 140883953, "formula": "C22H32O2", "structureNote": "Registry natural (1R,6R) CBDH configuration." }, { "id": "alpha-pinene", "name": "α-Pinene", "short": "α-Pinene", "category": "terpene", "family": "Monoterpene hydrocarbon", "aliases": [ "alpha-pinene" ], "summary": "Two joined rings give this ten-carbon molecule a compact shape. The α name places its double bond inside the larger ring.", "role": "A volatile constituent in studied cannabis flower profiles.", "evidenceStage": "laboratory", "evidence": "Measured in Finola flowers; Cannabis enzymes also produced it. A separate cell assay found no THC-response enhancement.", "limitation": "A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.", "sources": [ "ar-booth-2017", "ar-santiago-2019", "ar-pubchem-6654" ], "pubchemCid": 6654, "formula": "C10H16", "structureNote": "The PubChem entry leaves some stereochemistry unspecified. A rendered shape must not imply a measured enantiomer ratio.", "storyTitle": "A compact double ring" }, { "id": "beta-pinene", "name": "β-Pinene", "short": "β-Pinene", "category": "terpene", "family": "Monoterpene hydrocarbon", "aliases": [ "beta-pinene" ], "summary": "β-Pinene has the same formula as α-pinene, with the double bond moved outside the ring.", "role": "A volatile constituent and a useful comparison in isomer studies.", "evidenceStage": "animal", "evidence": "Measured in Finola. Isolated β-pinene changed mouse behavior; another receptor assay found no THC-response enhancement.", "limitation": "Mouse injections and cell assays are different experiments. Neither establishes clinical benefit from smelling or consuming a β-pinene-rich product.", "sources": [ "ar-booth-2017", "ar-lavigne-2021", "ar-santiago-2019", "ar-pubchem-14896" ], "pubchemCid": 14896, "formula": "C10H16", "structureNote": "The PubChem entry leaves some stereochemistry unspecified. A rendered shape must not imply a measured enantiomer ratio.", "storyTitle": "A double bond at the edge" }, { "id": "myrcene", "name": "β-Myrcene", "short": "β-Myrcene", "category": "terpene", "family": "Monoterpene hydrocarbon", "aliases": [ "myrcene", "beta-myrcene" ], "summary": "Myrcene has an open chain and three double bonds, rather than the ringed framework of pinene.", "role": "A frequent analytical marker in cannabis volatile profiles.", "evidenceStage": "laboratory", "evidence": "Measured in Finola; two characterized Cannabis enzymes produced myrcene. The cited receptor assay found no THC-response enhancement.", "limitation": "A high myrcene percentage does not establish sedation or predict an individual response. The cell result is limited to its tested signaling system.", "sources": [ "ar-booth-2017", "ar-santiago-2019", "ar-pubchem-31253" ], "pubchemCid": 31253, "formula": "C10H16", "structureNote": "This acyclic structure has no assigned stereocentre.", "storyTitle": "An open carbon chain" }, { "id": "s-limonene", "name": "(S)-(−)-Limonene", "short": "(S)-(−)-Limonene", "category": "terpene", "family": "Monoterpene hydrocarbon", "aliases": [ "L-limonene", "(−)-limonene", "S-limonene" ], "summary": "This is the S form of limonene. Its mirror image has the same atoms but a different three-dimensional arrangement.", "role": "A specifically identified product of Cannabis terpene biosynthesis.", "evidenceStage": "chemistry", "evidence": "Finola flowers and the characterized CsTPS1FN enzyme contained or produced this enantiomer.", "limitation": "A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.", "sources": [ "ar-booth-2017", "ar-pubchem-439250" ], "pubchemCid": 439250, "formula": "C10H16", "structureNote": "Defined S configuration. Do not substitute the R form used in the human D-limonene experiment.", "storyTitle": "One of two mirror images" }, { "id": "d-limonene", "name": "(R)-(+)-Limonene", "short": "(R)-(+)-Limonene", "category": "terpene", "family": "Monoterpene hydrocarbon", "aliases": [ "D-limonene", "(+)-limonene", "R-limonene" ], "summary": "Also called D-limonene, this is the R mirror image. It should be distinguished from an unqualified limonene assay.", "role": "A chiral volatile studied both analytically and alongside THC in humans.", "evidenceStage": "human", "evidence": "In 20 healthy adults, a double-blind crossover study tested vaporized compounds. In a 12-person subset, 30 mg THC plus 15 mg D-limonene reduced anxious/nervous and paranoid ratings versus THC alone; other measured drug effects were unchanged.", "limitation": "This was a small acute exposure study, not anxiety treatment. D-limonene alone did not differ from placebo. Experimental amounts describe the study, not dosing advice or a result for ordinary flower or seed foods.", "sources": [ "ar-raeber-2024", "ar-spindle-2024", "ar-pubchem-440917" ], "pubchemCid": 440917, "formula": "C10H16", "structureNote": "Defined R configuration; the cited human experiment cannot be transferred to S-limonene.", "storyTitle": "A specific human experiment" }, { "id": "linalool", "name": "Linalool", "short": "Linalool", "category": "terpene", "family": "Monoterpenoid alcohol", "aliases": [], "summary": "An alcohol group adds oxygen to an open ten-carbon framework. That makes linalool a terpenoid.", "role": "An oxygenated constituent in measured cannabis profiles.", "evidenceStage": "animal", "evidence": "Detected in biomass. Isolated linalool produced mouse behavioral effects; a separate cell assay did not enhance THC signaling.", "limitation": "Laboratory and injected-mouse exposures do not show that a linalool aroma treats sleep, anxiety or pain in people.", "sources": [ "ar-krill-2020", "ar-lavigne-2021", "ar-santiago-2019", "ar-pubchem-6549" ], "pubchemCid": 6549, "formula": "C10H18O", "structureNote": "The PubChem entry leaves some stereochemistry unspecified. A rendered shape must not imply a measured enantiomer ratio.", "storyTitle": "An oxygen-bearing branch" }, { "id": "beta-caryophyllene", "name": "(E)-β-Caryophyllene", "short": "(E)-β-Caryophyllene", "category": "terpene", "family": "Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon", "aliases": [ "beta-caryophyllene", "trans-caryophyllene", "BCP" ], "summary": "This fifteen-carbon molecule contains a small four-membered ring. Its chemistry belongs to terpenes even though researchers have studied cannabinoid-receptor activity.", "role": "A cannabis volatile and a receptor-pharmacology research subject.", "evidenceStage": "animal", "evidence": "Measured in Finola. Gertsch and colleagues reported CB2 activity and reduced inflammation in mice; a later potassium-channel assay gave a different receptor result.", "limitation": "Receptor and mouse findings do not establish a human anti-inflammatory treatment. Calling it a dietary cannabinoid describes pharmacology; it does not make it THC.", "sources": [ "ar-booth-2017", "ar-gertsch-2008", "ar-santiago-2019", "ar-pubchem-5281515" ], "pubchemCid": 5281515, "formula": "C15H24", "structureNote": "The reference identity is (1R,4E,9S). Keep it separate from cis-caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide.", "storyTitle": "A terpene meets CB2" }, { "id": "alpha-humulene", "name": "α-Humulene", "short": "α-Humulene", "category": "terpene", "family": "Sesquiterpene hydrocarbon", "aliases": [ "alpha-humulene", "alpha-caryophyllene" ], "summary": "A broad carbon ring with three double bonds distinguishes humulene from compact pinene.", "role": "A sesquiterpene measured in cannabis resin and studied experimentally.", "evidenceStage": "animal", "evidence": "Measured in Finola. Isolated α-humulene produced cannabinoid-like behavioral changes in mice in the cited experiment.", "limitation": "Mouse behavior and combinations with a synthetic agonist do not prove patient benefit or an entourage effect for retail cannabis.", "sources": [ "ar-booth-2017", "ar-lavigne-2021", "ar-pubchem-5281520" ], "pubchemCid": 5281520, "formula": "C15H24", "structureNote": "The reference defines the three ring double bonds as E.", "storyTitle": "An eleven-membered ring" }, { "id": "terpinolene", "name": "Terpinolene", "short": "Terpinolene", "category": "terpene", "family": "Monoterpene hydrocarbon", "aliases": [], "summary": "One double bond sits in the ring and another links the ring to a side group.", "role": "A component used to describe the chemistry of studied cannabis flowers.", "evidenceStage": "chemistry", "evidence": "Measured in the Finola flower profile.", "limitation": "A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.", "sources": [ "ar-booth-2017", "ar-pubchem-11463" ], "pubchemCid": 11463, "formula": "C10H16", "structureNote": "This identity is distinct from both α-terpinene and γ-terpinene.", "storyTitle": "Two double bonds, one ring" }, { "id": "alpha-terpinene", "name": "α-Terpinene", "short": "α-Terpinene", "category": "terpene", "family": "Monoterpene hydrocarbon", "aliases": [], "summary": "Its two ring double bonds form a conjugated arrangement, separated by one single bond.", "role": "A product used to investigate Cannabis terpene-enzyme function.", "evidenceStage": "chemistry", "evidence": "A characterized Purple Kush enzyme produced α-terpinene.", "limitation": "A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.", "sources": [ "ar-booth-2017", "ar-pubchem-7462" ], "pubchemCid": 7462, "formula": "C10H16", "structureNote": "The α and γ names identify different double-bond positions, not opposite mirror images.", "storyTitle": "Neighbouring double bonds" }, { "id": "gamma-terpinene", "name": "γ-Terpinene", "short": "γ-Terpinene", "category": "terpene", "family": "Monoterpene hydrocarbon", "aliases": [], "summary": "The ring double bonds occupy different positions from those in α-terpinene.", "role": "A Cannabis enzyme product and a subject of aging chemistry.", "evidenceStage": "chemistry", "evidence": "Produced by a Cannabis enzyme; experimental light stress also linked it to p-cymene formation.", "limitation": "A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.", "sources": [ "ar-booth-2017", "ar-raeber-2024", "ar-pubchem-7461" ], "pubchemCid": 7461, "formula": "C10H16", "structureNote": "An achiral positional isomer; it is not interchangeable with α-terpinene.", "storyTitle": "The bonds move apart" }, { "id": "p-cymene", "name": "p-Cymene", "short": "p-Cymene", "category": "terpene", "family": "Aromatic monoterpene", "aliases": [], "summary": "Its benzene ring makes p-cymene chemically aromatic. In chemistry, that word describes bonding rather than a smell.", "role": "A useful molecule for studying how terpene mixtures change over time.", "evidenceStage": "chemistry", "evidence": "The UV/heat study identified p-cymene as an important aging product.", "limitation": "Experimental aging chemistry does not identify the age, safety or storage history of an untested product.", "sources": [ "ar-raeber-2024", "ar-pubchem-7463" ], "pubchemCid": 7463, "formula": "C10H14", "structureNote": "The para arrangement differs from ortho- and meta-cymene.", "storyTitle": "An aromatic ring" }, { "id": "camphene", "name": "Camphene", "short": "Camphene", "category": "terpene", "family": "Monoterpene hydrocarbon", "aliases": [], "summary": "Bridged rings and an outward-facing double bond create a compact, rigid framework.", "role": "A minor volatile in the studied cannabis material.", "evidenceStage": "chemistry", "evidence": "Detected; identity checked against a standard.", "limitation": "A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.", "sources": [ "ar-krill-2020", "ar-pubchem-6616" ], "pubchemCid": 6616, "formula": "C10H16", "structureNote": "The PubChem entry leaves some stereochemistry unspecified. A rendered shape must not imply a measured enantiomer ratio.", "storyTitle": "A bridged carbon frame" }, { "id": "e-beta-ocimene", "name": "(E)-β-Ocimene", "short": "(E)-β-Ocimene", "category": "terpene", "family": "Monoterpene hydrocarbon", "aliases": [ "trans-beta-ocimene" ], "summary": "A long open chain carries three double bonds. The E label specifies the geometry of the central one.", "role": "A volatile and a characterized Cannabis enzyme product.", "evidenceStage": "chemistry", "evidence": "Measured in Finola; CsTPS6FN mainly produced the E isomer.", "limitation": "A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.", "sources": [ "ar-booth-2017", "ar-pubchem-5281553" ], "pubchemCid": 5281553, "formula": "C10H16", "structureNote": "Defined 3E geometry; do not merge this structure with Z-β-ocimene.", "storyTitle": "An open chain, E geometry" }, { "id": "z-beta-ocimene", "name": "(Z)-β-Ocimene", "short": "(Z)-β-Ocimene", "category": "terpene", "family": "Monoterpene hydrocarbon", "aliases": [ "cis-beta-ocimene" ], "summary": "The central double bond has the opposite geometry from E-β-ocimene, while the formula remains unchanged.", "role": "A resolved product in Cannabis terpene-synthase experiments.", "evidenceStage": "chemistry", "evidence": "The Purple Kush enzyme CsTPS13PK mainly produced Z-β-ocimene.", "limitation": "A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.", "sources": [ "ar-booth-2017", "ar-pubchem-5320250" ], "pubchemCid": 5320250, "formula": "C10H16", "structureNote": "Defined 3Z geometry. Enzyme output alone does not establish its amount in harvested flower.", "storyTitle": "The same chain, Z geometry" }, { "id": "eucalyptol", "name": "Eucalyptol", "short": "Eucalyptol", "category": "terpene", "family": "Monoterpenoid ether", "aliases": [ "1,8-cineole" ], "summary": "An oxygen atom forms part of a bridged ring rather than an alcohol group.", "role": "An oxygenated analyte in cannabis volatile profiling.", "evidenceStage": "chemistry", "evidence": "Detected; identity checked against a standard.", "limitation": "A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.", "sources": [ "ar-krill-2020", "ar-pubchem-2758" ], "pubchemCid": 2758, "formula": "C10H18O", "structureNote": "This is 1,8-cineole, not the different 1,4-cineole structure.", "storyTitle": "Oxygen inside the bridge" }, { "id": "fenchol", "name": "Fenchol", "short": "Fenchol", "category": "terpene", "family": "Monoterpenoid alcohol", "aliases": [ "fenchyl alcohol" ], "summary": "A bridged carbon framework carries an alcohol group. Several stereochemical forms are possible.", "role": "A tentatively assigned constituent in the cited biomass analysis.", "evidenceStage": "chemistry", "evidence": "Assigned by spectral-library matching, without an authentic standard.", "limitation": "The cited detection is tentative. The reference structure illustrates the proposed identity; it does not confirm the peak or a specific stereoisomer.", "sources": [ "ar-krill-2020", "ar-pubchem-15406" ], "pubchemCid": 15406, "formula": "C10H18O", "structureNote": "The PubChem entry leaves some stereochemistry unspecified. A rendered shape must not imply a measured enantiomer ratio.", "storyTitle": "A tentative analytical identity" }, { "id": "borneol", "name": "Borneol", "short": "Borneol", "category": "terpene", "family": "Monoterpenoid alcohol", "aliases": [], "summary": "Borneol carries an alcohol group on a rigid bridged skeleton. It shares a formula with fenchol but has different connectivity.", "role": "A confirmed oxygenated analyte in the cited cannabis work.", "evidenceStage": "chemistry", "evidence": "Detected; identity checked against a standard.", "limitation": "A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.", "sources": [ "ar-krill-2020", "ar-pubchem-64685" ], "pubchemCid": 64685, "formula": "C10H18O", "structureNote": "The PubChem entry leaves some stereochemistry unspecified. A rendered shape must not imply a measured enantiomer ratio. Borneol and isoborneol are not interchangeable names.", "storyTitle": "An alcohol on a bridge" }, { "id": "nerolidol", "name": "(E)-Nerolidol", "short": "(E)-Nerolidol", "category": "terpene", "family": "Sesquiterpenoid alcohol", "aliases": [ "trans-nerolidol" ], "summary": "Nerolidol extends an open terpene chain to fifteen carbons and includes an alcohol group.", "role": "A molecule examined in chiral cannabis analysis.", "evidenceStage": "chemistry", "evidence": "Detected in authentic extracts; geometric isomers were examined.", "limitation": "Nerolidol has both geometric and optical isomers. An unqualified assay name does not establish the configuration or abundance of this reference form.", "sources": [ "ar-raeber-2024", "ar-pubchem-5284507" ], "pubchemCid": 5284507, "formula": "C15H26O", "structureNote": "The reference specifies E geometry but leaves the alcohol-bearing stereocentre unspecified. It does not represent every nerolidol isomer.", "storyTitle": "A longer oxygenated chain" }, { "id": "alpha-bisabolol", "name": "α-Bisabolol", "short": "α-Bisabolol", "category": "terpene", "family": "Sesquiterpenoid alcohol", "aliases": [ "alpha-bisabolol" ], "summary": "A six-membered ring connects to an oxygen-bearing side chain in this fifteen-carbon molecule.", "role": "An oxygenated constituent in studied cannabis biomass.", "evidenceStage": "chemistry", "evidence": "Detected; identity checked against a standard.", "limitation": "A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.", "sources": [ "ar-krill-2020", "ar-pubchem-1549992" ], "pubchemCid": 1549992, "formula": "C15H26O", "structureNote": "The selected reference defines the side-chain centre as 2R and the ring attachment centre as 1R. Routine detection does not establish that ratio in a sample.", "storyTitle": "A ring and an alcohol" }, { "id": "caryophyllene-oxide", "name": "Caryophyllene oxide", "short": "Caryophyllene oxide", "category": "terpene", "family": "Sesquiterpenoid epoxide", "aliases": [], "summary": "An epoxide adds oxygen across part of the caryophyllene framework. It is a separate molecule from β-caryophyllene.", "role": "An oxygenated analyte in cannabis chemistry.", "evidenceStage": "chemistry", "evidence": "Detected; identity checked against a standard.", "limitation": "A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.", "sources": [ "ar-krill-2020", "ar-pubchem-1742210" ], "pubchemCid": 1742210, "formula": "C15H24O", "structureNote": "The reference is a defined stereoisomer, (1R,4R,6R,10S). Do not reuse β-caryophyllene pharmacology for this epoxide.", "storyTitle": "An oxygen bridge appears" }, { "id": "sabinene", "name": "Sabinene", "short": "Sabinene", "category": "terpene", "family": "Monoterpene hydrocarbon", "aliases": [], "summary": "A three-membered ring joins a larger ring in a bridged framework.", "role": "A minor volatile and a product in Cannabis enzyme studies.", "evidenceStage": "chemistry", "evidence": "Detected; identity checked against a standard.", "limitation": "A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.", "sources": [ "ar-krill-2020", "ar-pubchem-18818" ], "pubchemCid": 18818, "formula": "C10H16", "structureNote": "The PubChem entry leaves some stereochemistry unspecified. A rendered shape must not imply a measured enantiomer ratio.", "storyTitle": "A small ring within a bridge" }, { "id": "guaiol", "name": "Guaiol", "short": "Guaiol", "category": "terpene", "family": "Sesquiterpenoid alcohol", "aliases": [], "summary": "Fused five- and seven-membered rings carry an alcohol-bearing side group.", "role": "An oxygenated sesquiterpene in the tested cannabis biomass.", "evidenceStage": "chemistry", "evidence": "Detected; identity checked against a standard.", "limitation": "A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.", "sources": [ "ar-krill-2020", "ar-pubchem-227829" ], "pubchemCid": 227829, "formula": "C15H26O", "structureNote": "The PubChem reference has defined 3S,5R,8S stereochemistry; an achiral assay does not prove an enantiomer ratio.", "storyTitle": "Fused rings, added oxygen" }, { "id": "fenchone", "name": "Fenchone", "short": "Fenchone", "category": "terpene", "family": "Monoterpenoid ketone", "aliases": [], "summary": "A carbon–oxygen double bond turns this bridged framework into a ketone, distinct from the alcohol fenchol.", "role": "An oxygenated analyte in the cited cannabis profile.", "evidenceStage": "chemistry", "evidence": "Detected; identity checked against a standard.", "limitation": "A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.", "sources": [ "ar-krill-2020", "ar-pubchem-14525" ], "pubchemCid": 14525, "formula": "C10H16O", "structureNote": "The PubChem entry leaves some stereochemistry unspecified. A rendered shape must not imply a measured enantiomer ratio.", "storyTitle": "An oxygen double bond" }, { "id": "isopulegol", "name": "Isopulegol", "short": "Isopulegol", "category": "terpene", "family": "Monoterpenoid alcohol", "aliases": [], "summary": "This oxygenated molecule has a six-membered ring, an alcohol and a double-bonded side group.", "role": "A standard-confirmed analyte in cannabis biomass analysis.", "evidenceStage": "chemistry", "evidence": "Detected; identity checked against a standard.", "limitation": "A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.", "sources": [ "ar-krill-2020", "ar-pubchem-170833" ], "pubchemCid": 170833, "formula": "C10H18O", "structureNote": "The selected PubChem reference is (1R,2S,5R); the assay does not assign all sample stereochemistry.", "storyTitle": "A ring with an alcohol" }, { "id": "cannflavin-a", "name": "Cannflavin A", "short": "Cannflavin A", "category": "flavonoid", "family": "Geranylated flavone", "aliases": [], "summary": "A geranyl side chain attaches to the flavone core. This branch distinguishes cannflavin A from cannflavin B.", "role": "A specialized metabolite with a characterized biosynthetic route.", "evidenceStage": "laboratory", "evidence": "CsPT3 enzyme experiments formed cannflavin A from chrysoeriol using a geranyl donor.", "limitation": "Enzyme reconstruction explains how the molecule can be made. It does not establish human pain relief, potency versus aspirin or a benefit from hemp seed products.", "sources": [ "ar-rea-2019", "ar-pubchem-10071695" ], "pubchemCid": 10071695, "formula": "C26H28O6", "structureNote": "A geranyl chain attaches at carbon 6; cannflavin C attaches the chain at a different position.", "storyTitle": "A flavone with a ten-carbon branch" }, { "id": "cannflavin-b", "name": "Cannflavin B", "short": "Cannflavin B", "category": "flavonoid", "family": "Prenylated flavone", "aliases": [], "summary": "A five-carbon prenyl group sits on a methylated flavone scaffold.", "role": "A specialized metabolite studied through enzyme reconstruction.", "evidenceStage": "laboratory", "evidence": "CsPT3 formed cannflavin B from chrysoeriol using a dimethylallyl donor.", "limitation": "Biosynthesis is not clinical efficacy. Findings for synthetic isocannflavin B cannot be attributed to cannflavin B or ordinary cannabis products.", "sources": [ "ar-rea-2019", "ar-pubchem-403815" ], "pubchemCid": 403815, "formula": "C21H20O6", "structureNote": "The branch attaches at carbon 6. Isocannflavin B is a different positional isomer.", "storyTitle": "A shorter five-carbon branch" }, { "id": "cannflavin-c", "name": "Cannflavin C", "short": "Cannflavin C", "category": "flavonoid", "family": "Geranylated flavone", "aliases": [], "summary": "Cannflavin C shares a formula with cannflavin A, but its geranyl branch connects at a different site.", "role": "A less familiar constituent characterized by isolation chemistry.", "evidenceStage": "chemistry", "evidence": "Isolated and structurally characterized from the cannabis variety studied in 2008.", "limitation": "A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.", "sources": [ "ar-radwan-2008", "ar-pubchem-25141335" ], "pubchemCid": 25141335, "formula": "C26H28O6", "structureNote": "The geranyl group is at carbon 8, not carbon 6. Equal mass alone cannot distinguish it from cannflavin A.", "storyTitle": "A branch changes position" }, { "id": "apigenin", "name": "Apigenin", "short": "Apigenin", "category": "flavonoid", "family": "Flavone aglycone", "aliases": [], "summary": "Apigenin illustrates the three-ring flavone core without an attached sugar.", "role": "A phenolic constituent measured in cannabis analytical studies.", "evidenceStage": "chemistry", "evidence": "Quantified in dried material from three cultivars.", "limitation": "A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.", "sources": [ "ar-maly-2024", "ar-pubchem-5280443" ], "pubchemCid": 5280443, "formula": "C15H10O5", "structureNote": "The aglycone is distinct from its C-linked and O-linked sugar derivatives.", "storyTitle": "A flavone without a sugar" }, { "id": "luteolin", "name": "Luteolin", "short": "Luteolin", "category": "flavonoid", "family": "Flavone aglycone", "aliases": [], "summary": "An additional hydroxyl group distinguishes luteolin from apigenin.", "role": "A measured constituent and a starting point in cannflavin biosynthesis.", "evidenceStage": "laboratory", "evidence": "Quantified in dried cannabis; the characterized CsOMT21 enzyme converted luteolin to chrysoeriol.", "limitation": "A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.", "sources": [ "ar-maly-2024", "ar-rea-2019", "ar-pubchem-5280445" ], "pubchemCid": 5280445, "formula": "C15H10O6", "structureNote": "This aglycone is not luteolin glucoside. It also shares a formula, but not connectivity, with kaempferol.", "storyTitle": "One more hydroxyl group" }, { "id": "chrysoeriol", "name": "Chrysoeriol", "short": "Chrysoeriol", "category": "flavonoid", "family": "Methoxylated flavone", "aliases": [], "summary": "Methylation changes one of luteolin’s oxygen-bearing groups to a methoxy group.", "role": "An experimentally supported intermediate on the route to cannflavins A and B.", "evidenceStage": "laboratory", "evidence": "Enzyme experiments placed chrysoeriol between luteolin and cannflavins A/B; it was also quantified in dried cannabis.", "limitation": "A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.", "sources": [ "ar-rea-2019", "ar-maly-2024", "ar-pubchem-5280666" ], "pubchemCid": 5280666, "formula": "C16H12O6", "structureNote": "The methoxy group is at 3′; similarly named methoxylated flavones can have different attachment positions.", "storyTitle": "A methyl group joins the pathway" }, { "id": "orientin", "name": "Orientin", "short": "Orientin", "category": "flavonoid", "family": "Flavone C-glycoside", "aliases": [ "luteolin-8-C-glucoside" ], "summary": "Orientin carries a glucose unit directly on carbon 8 of a luteolin scaffold.", "role": "A glycosylated phenolic constituent of the tested cannabis material.", "evidenceStage": "chemistry", "evidence": "Quantified in dried material from three cultivars.", "limitation": "A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.", "sources": [ "ar-maly-2024", "ar-pubchem-5281675" ], "pubchemCid": 5281675, "formula": "C21H20O11", "structureNote": "Luteolin-8-C-glucoside; do not replace it with the carbon-6 isomer isoorientin.", "storyTitle": "A sugar linked through carbon" }, { "id": "vitexin", "name": "Vitexin", "short": "Vitexin", "category": "flavonoid", "family": "Flavone C-glycoside", "aliases": [ "apigenin-8-C-glucoside" ], "summary": "A glucose unit connects directly to carbon 8 of apigenin.", "role": "A quantified flavonoid in the tested cannabis material.", "evidenceStage": "chemistry", "evidence": "Quantified in dried material from three cultivars.", "limitation": "A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.", "sources": [ "ar-maly-2024", "ar-pubchem-5280441" ], "pubchemCid": 5280441, "formula": "C21H20O10", "structureNote": "Apigenin-8-C-glucoside. Its attachment position differs from isovitexin.", "storyTitle": "Apigenin gains a carbon-linked sugar" }, { "id": "isovitexin", "name": "Isovitexin", "short": "Isovitexin", "category": "flavonoid", "family": "Flavone C-glycoside", "aliases": [ "apigenin-6-C-glucoside" ], "summary": "The glucose unit occupies carbon 6 rather than carbon 8. The formula remains identical to vitexin.", "role": "A candidate tracked in cannabis flavonoid analysis.", "evidenceStage": "chemistry", "evidence": "Leaf imaging assigned an isovitexin-compatible signal; three other cultivars were below the quantification limit.", "limitation": "The imaging assignment has isomer ambiguity, and nondetection depends on the method’s limit. Neither establishes presence in every cultivar.", "sources": [ "ar-lorensen-2023", "ar-maly-2024", "ar-pubchem-162350" ], "pubchemCid": 162350, "formula": "C21H20O10", "structureNote": "Apigenin-6-C-glucoside. Exact-mass imaging alone cannot uniquely separate it from vitexin.", "storyTitle": "The sugar moves to carbon six" }, { "id": "isoquercetin", "name": "Isoquercetin", "short": "Isoquercetin", "category": "flavonoid", "family": "Flavonol O-glycoside", "aliases": [ "quercetin-3-O-glucoside", "quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside" ], "summary": "An oxygen link joins glucose to carbon 3 of quercetin.", "role": "A measured glycoside in cannabis phenolic profiles.", "evidenceStage": "chemistry", "evidence": "Quantified in dried material from three cultivars.", "limitation": "A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.", "sources": [ "ar-maly-2024", "ar-pubchem-5280804" ], "pubchemCid": 5280804, "formula": "C21H20O12", "structureNote": "This reference is quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside. PubChem names can also resolve to other sugar forms, so the selected CID matters.", "storyTitle": "Quercetin with one glucose" }, { "id": "rutin", "name": "Rutin", "short": "Rutin", "category": "flavonoid", "family": "Flavonol O-glycoside", "aliases": [ "quercetin-3-O-rutinoside" ], "summary": "A two-sugar group is attached to the quercetin core, making rutin larger than isoquercetin.", "role": "A glycoside measured in commercial hemp inflorescences.", "evidenceStage": "chemistry", "evidence": "Measured using chromatography and an authentic reference standard.", "limitation": "A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.", "sources": [ "ar-izzo-2020", "ar-pubchem-5280805" ], "pubchemCid": 5280805, "formula": "C27H30O16", "structureNote": "Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside contains a disaccharide; it is not another name for quercetin itself.", "storyTitle": "A two-sugar extension" }, { "id": "quercetin", "name": "Quercetin", "short": "Quercetin", "category": "flavonoid", "family": "Flavonol aglycone", "aliases": [], "summary": "Quercetin has a hydroxyl group at carbon 3 of the central ring and no sugar attached.", "role": "A flavonol quantified in some cannabis inflorescence samples.", "evidenceStage": "chemistry", "evidence": "Measured against a standard in one study; below quantification in three cultivars in another.", "limitation": "The differing analytical results show why detection cannot be generalized across plants. This catalogue makes no clinical claim for quercetin in cannabis.", "sources": [ "ar-izzo-2020", "ar-maly-2024", "ar-pubchem-5280343" ], "pubchemCid": 5280343, "formula": "C15H10O7", "structureNote": "The sugar-free aglycone differs from isoquercetin and rutin.", "storyTitle": "A hydroxyl-rich flavonol" }, { "id": "kaempferol", "name": "Kaempferol", "short": "Kaempferol", "category": "flavonoid", "family": "Flavonol aglycone", "aliases": [], "summary": "Kaempferol has the same formula as luteolin, but a hydroxyl group occupies a different position.", "role": "A flavonol investigated in cannabis phenolic profiles.", "evidenceStage": "chemistry", "evidence": "Measured against a standard in one study; below quantification in three cultivars in another.", "limitation": "Presence and concentration vary with sample and analytical method; a listed chemical is not a standardized ingredient or a proven treatment.", "sources": [ "ar-izzo-2020", "ar-maly-2024", "ar-pubchem-5280863" ], "pubchemCid": 5280863, "formula": "C15H10O6", "structureNote": "A constitutional isomer of luteolin. Formula or exact mass alone is not enough to distinguish them.", "storyTitle": "A different arrangement of oxygen" }, { "id": "cynaroside", "name": "Cynaroside", "short": "Cynaroside", "category": "flavonoid", "family": "Flavone O-glycoside", "aliases": [ "luteolin-7-O-glucoside", "luteolin-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside" ], "summary": "Glucose connects through the oxygen at position 7 of luteolin.", "role": "A flavone glycoside measured in the studied hemp inflorescences.", "evidenceStage": "chemistry", "evidence": "Measured using chromatography and an authentic reference standard.", "limitation": "A detected molecule is not a demonstrated treatment. Amounts depend on the plant, tissue and handling; no Mount Herbs batch was tested in these studies.", "sources": [ "ar-izzo-2020", "ar-pubchem-5280637" ], "pubchemCid": 5280637, "formula": "C21H20O11", "structureNote": "Luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside. It shares a formula with orientin but differs in both linkage and attachment position.", "storyTitle": "Luteolin with an oxygen-linked sugar" }, { "id": "geraniol", "name": "Geraniol", "short": "Geraniol", "category": "terpene", "family": "Monoterpenoid alcohol", "aliases": [ "(E)-geraniol", "trans-geraniol" ], "summary": "An alcohol group sits at the end of an open ten-carbon chain. The E double-bond geometry distinguishes geraniol from nerol.", "role": "A volatile detected in a studied hemp population and investigated in cell and mouse experiments.", "evidenceStage": "animal", "evidence": "Geraniol was detected in some F2 hemp plants. Separately, LaVigne and colleagues reported cannabinoid-like mouse behaviors and interactions with the synthetic agonist WIN55,212-2.", "limitation": "Injected-mouse and cell experiments do not establish a clinical benefit from geraniol, its aroma or a cannabis product. Detection varied among the plants; no Mount Herbs batch was tested.", "sources": [ "ar-qtl-2021", "ar-lavigne-2021", "ar-pubchem-637566" ], "pubchemCid": 637566, "formula": "C10H18O", "structureNote": "PubChem specifies (2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol. Nerol is the different 2Z geometric isomer.", "storyTitle": "An open chain with E geometry" } ], "sources": { "can-fda": { "id": "can-fda", "title": "FDA and Cannabis: Research and Drug Approval Process", "url": "https://www.fda.gov/news-events/public-health-focus/fda-and-cannabis-research-and-drug-approval-process", "year": 2026, "kind": "Regulator", "supportNote": "Current page checked 5 October 2026. Supports US prescription dronabinol indications; not approval of the plant or seed foods. The page has older CBD age wording, so the current product label is used for CBD." }, "can-cbd-label": { "id": "can-cbd-label", "title": "EPIDIOLEX prescribing information, revised May 2026", "url": "https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=8bf27097-4870-43fb-94f0-f3d0871d1eec", "year": 2026, "kind": "Medicine label", "supportNote": "Full label available. Exact US prescription formulation, seizure indications, age range, liver monitoring, sedation and interactions; not an endorsement of other CBD products." }, "can-cbd-2017": { "id": "can-cbd-2017", "title": "Trial of Cannabidiol for Drug-Resistant Seizures in the Dravet Syndrome", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28538134/", "year": 2017, "kind": "Randomized trial", "supportNote": "Primary abstract inspected. In 120 children and young adults, adjunctive purified CBD reduced convulsive seizure frequency over 14 weeks compared with placebo, with more adverse events and withdrawals. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1611618." }, "can-cbg-2026": { "id": "can-cbg-2026", "title": "Safety, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of oral cannabigerol in healthy adults", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42575778/", "year": 2026, "kind": "Human study", "supportNote": "Primary indexed abstract inspected. Single ascending-dose study in 12 healthy adults; tolerability and exposure, not disease-treatment efficacy. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpet.2026.104984." }, "can-cbn-2026": { "id": "can-cbn-2026", "title": "Cannabinol for Acute Treatment of Insomnia Disorder in a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41698831/", "year": 2026, "kind": "Randomized trial", "supportNote": "Primary abstract inspected. Twenty adults with insomnia; neither single-night CBN dose significantly improved the primary wake-after-sleep-onset outcome versus placebo." }, "can-thcv-2016": { "id": "can-thcv-2016", "title": "Efficacy and Safety of Cannabidiol and Tetrahydrocannabivarin on Glycemic and Lipid Parameters in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27573936/", "year": 2016, "kind": "Randomized pilot trial", "supportNote": "Primary abstract inspected. Sixty-two participants across five arms, 13 weeks. Primary HDL endpoint unaffected; secondary glycaemic findings remain exploratory. DOI: 10.2337/dc16-0650." }, "can-cbdv-2021": { "id": "can-cbdv-2021", "title": "A Phase 2 Randomized Controlled Trial of the Efficacy and Safety of Cannabidivarin as Add-on Therapy in Participants with Inadequately Controlled Focal Seizures", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33998885/", "year": 2021, "kind": "Randomized trial", "supportNote": "Primary abstract inspected. In 162 participants, seizure-frequency reduction did not differ significantly between CBDV and placebo (p = 0.648)." }, "can-thca-2017": { "id": "can-thca-2017", "title": "Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid is a potent PPARγ agonist with neuroprotective activity", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28853159/", "year": 2017, "kind": "Cell and animal study", "supportNote": "Primary abstract inspected. THCA-A receptor/cell experiments and a toxin-induced mouse model; no clinical treatment result. DOI: 10.1111/bph.14019." }, "can-acid-2019": { "id": "can-acid-2019", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of Phytocannabinoid Acids and Anticonvulsant Effect of Cannabidiolic Acid in a Mouse Model of Dravet Syndrome", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31686510/", "year": 2019, "kind": "Animal study", "supportNote": "Primary abstract inspected. Acid-cannabinoid pharmacokinetics and CBDA anticonvulsant activity in a genetic mouse model. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00600." }, "can-cbga-2021": { "id": "can-cbga-2021", "title": "Cannabigerolic acid, a major biosynthetic precursor molecule in cannabis, exhibits divergent effects on seizures in mouse models of epilepsy", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34384142/", "year": 2021, "kind": "Animal study", "supportNote": "Primary abstract inspected. CBGA, CBDVA and CBGVA raised thermal seizure thresholds; CBGA also worsened seizures in other models or conditions. DOI: 10.1111/bph.15661." }, "can-cbc-2021": { "id": "can-cbc-2021", "title": "Cannabichromene, Related Phytocannabinoids, and 5-Fluoro-cannabichromene Have Anticonvulsant Properties in a Mouse Model of Dravet Syndrome", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33395525/", "year": 2021, "kind": "Animal study", "supportNote": "Primary abstract inspected. CBC, CBCA and CBCVA showed activity in a thermal seizure assay; CBCV did not. These are mouse findings. DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00677." }, "can-cbgv-trp": { "id": "can-cbgv-trp", "title": "Cannabinoid actions at TRPV channels: effects on TRPV3 and TRPV4 and their potential relevance to gastrointestinal inflammation", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21726418/", "year": 2011, "kind": "Cell study", "supportNote": "Primary abstract inspected; online publication 2011. CBGV effects in recombinant ion-channel assays, not a trial of gastrointestinal treatment. DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2011.02338.x." }, "can-thcp-2019": { "id": "can-thcp-2019", "title": "A novel phytocannabinoid isolated from Cannabis sativa L. with an in vivo cannabimimetic activity higher than Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol: Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabiphorol", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31889124/", "year": 2019, "kind": "Isolation and animal study", "supportNote": "Primary abstract and article excerpts inspected. THCP/CBDP identity and acidic precursor fractions; THCP receptor binding and mouse behaviour. Binding affinity is not a human potency multiplier. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56785-1." }, "can-cbdp-2026": { "id": "can-cbdp-2026", "title": "Cannabidiphorol (CBDP) acts as a negative allosteric modulator at two distinct sites of cannabinoid receptor 1", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41904334/", "year": 2026, "kind": "Cell and animal study", "supportNote": "Primary abstract inspected. Mutagenesis, cellular allosterism assays, modelling and male-mouse experiments; possible dual-site modulation remains preclinical. DOI: 10.1038/s42004-026-01990-z." }, "can-butyl-2020": { "id": "can-butyl-2020", "title": "Isolation of a High-Affinity Cannabinoid for the Human CB1 Receptor from a Medicinal Cannabis sativa Variety: Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabutol, the Butyl Homologue of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol", "url": "https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00876", "year": 2020, "kind": "Isolation and receptor study", "supportNote": "Primary publication metadata and abstract inspected. Butyl homologues THCB and CBDB from medicinal cannabis; receptor binding is not a human treatment result." }, "can-hexyl-2020": { "id": "can-hexyl-2020", "title": "Identification of a new cannabidiol n-hexyl homolog in a medicinal cannabis variety with an antinociceptive activity in mice: cannabidihexol", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7744557/", "year": 2020, "kind": "Analytical and animal study", "supportNote": "Primary abstract and article excerpts inspected. CBDH and THCH identification using synthetic reference compounds; mouse antinociception studied for CBDH. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79042-2." }, "can-cbgm-1968": { "id": "can-cbgm-1968", "title": "Cannabigerol Monomethyl Ether, a New Component of Hemp", "url": "https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/cpb1958/16/6/16_6_1164/_article/-char/en", "year": 1968, "kind": "Chemical isolation", "supportNote": "Primary journal record inspected. Historical identity/isolation, not clinical efficacy. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 16(6), 1164–1165." }, "can-cbla-1972": { "id": "can-cbla-1972", "title": "Cannabis. VI. Cannabicyclolic Acid", "url": "https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/cpb1958/20/9/20_9_1927/_article", "year": 1972, "kind": "Chemical isolation", "supportNote": "Primary journal record inspected. Isolated from stored cannabis and prepared from CBCA under ultraviolet irradiation; storage chemistry matters." }, "can-cbt-1977": { "id": "can-cbt-1977", "title": "Isolation and characterization of (+)-cannabitriol and (-)-10-ethoxy-9-hydroxy-delta 6a[10a]-tetrahydrocannabinol: two new cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa L. extract", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/895385/", "year": 1977, "kind": "Chemical isolation", "supportNote": "PubMed bibliographic record only; no abstract available there. Supports the reported isolation of (+)-cannabitriol, not a pharmacological claim or all CBT isomers." }, "can-cbtc-2023": { "id": "can-cbtc-2023", "title": "Cannabicitran: Its unexpected racemic nature and potential origins", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37142400/", "year": 2023, "kind": "Stereochemical study", "supportNote": "Primary abstract inspected. Cannabicitran from a commercial extract was racemic; both enantiomers were separated. Extract occurrence does not establish a single enzymatic origin. DOI: 10.1002/chir.23571." }, "can-cbe-2024": { "id": "can-cbe-2024", "title": "Cannabielsoin (CBE), a CBD Oxidation Product, Is a Biased CB1 Agonist", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39062125/", "year": 2024, "kind": "Cell study", "supportNote": "Primary abstract inspected. S-CBE activated cAMP signalling but not β-arrestin recruitment under the tested cell-assay conditions; no clinical trial." }, "pc-thc": { "id": "pc-thc", "title": "PubChem: Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol — CID 16078", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/16078", "year": 2026, "kind": "Chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. Natural trans-(6aR,10aR) Δ9 configuration. Other THC isomers are not interchangeable." }, "pc-thca": { "id": "pc-thca", "title": "PubChem: Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A — CID 98523", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/98523", "year": 2026, "kind": "Chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. Explicit natural trans-THCA-A identity; generic THCA name searches can return a different isomer." }, "pc-cbd": { "id": "pc-cbd", "title": "PubChem: Cannabidiol — CID 644019", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/644019", "year": 2026, "kind": "Chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. Natural (1R,6R) cannabidiol. Formula alone cannot distinguish CBD from THC." }, "pc-cbda": { "id": "pc-cbda", "title": "PubChem: Cannabidiolic acid — CID 160570", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/160570", "year": 2026, "kind": "Chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. Natural (1R,6R) CBDA; carboxylated CBD connectivity." }, "pc-cbg": { "id": "pc-cbg", "title": "PubChem: Cannabigerol — CID 5315659", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5315659", "year": 2026, "kind": "Chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. The registry specifies the E geranyl-chain configuration." }, "pc-cbga": { "id": "pc-cbga", "title": "PubChem: Cannabigerolic acid — CID 6449999", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6449999", "year": 2026, "kind": "Chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. E geranyl-chain acid; distinct from neutral CBG." }, "pc-cbc": { "id": "pc-cbc", "title": "PubChem: Cannabichromene — CID 30219", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/30219", "year": 2026, "kind": "Chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. This PubChem record leaves the stereocentre unspecified; it is not a claim about one natural enantiomer." }, "pc-cbca": { "id": "pc-cbca", "title": "PubChem: Cannabichromenic acid — CID 3084339", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3084339", "year": 2026, "kind": "Chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. Registry connectivity has unspecified stereochemistry." }, "pc-cbn": { "id": "pc-cbn", "title": "PubChem: Cannabinol — CID 2543", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2543", "year": 2026, "kind": "Chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. A more aromatic ring system than THC; the formula differs accordingly." }, "pc-cbna": { "id": "pc-cbna", "title": "PubChem: Cannabinolic acid — CID 3081990", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3081990", "year": 2026, "kind": "Chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. Cannabinolic acid connectivity; not the same molecule as CBN." }, "pc-thcv": { "id": "pc-thcv", "title": "PubChem: Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabivarin — CID 93147", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/93147", "year": 2026, "kind": "Chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. Natural trans-(6aR,10aR) Δ9-THCV configuration." }, "pc-thcva": { "id": "pc-thcva", "title": "PubChem: Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid — CID 59444416", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/59444416", "year": 2026, "kind": "Chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. The registry specifies the natural trans-(6aR,10aR) acid configuration." }, "pc-cbdv": { "id": "pc-cbdv", "title": "PubChem: Cannabidivarin — CID 11601669", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/11601669", "year": 2026, "kind": "Chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. Natural (1R,6R) CBDV; shorter side chain than CBD." }, "pc-cbdva": { "id": "pc-cbdva", "title": "PubChem: Cannabidivarinic acid — CID 59444387", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/59444387", "year": 2026, "kind": "Chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. Registry (1R,6R) acid configuration." }, "pc-cbgv": { "id": "pc-cbgv", "title": "PubChem: Cannabigerovarin — CID 59444407", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/59444407", "year": 2026, "kind": "Chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. E geranyl-chain configuration; propyl aromatic side chain." }, "pc-cbgva": { "id": "pc-cbgva", "title": "PubChem: Cannabigerovarinic acid — CID 59444383", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/59444383", "year": 2026, "kind": "Chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. Registry E-chain acid; distinct from CBGV and CBGA." }, "pc-cbcv": { "id": "pc-cbcv", "title": "PubChem: Cannabichromevarin — CID 6451726", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6451726", "year": 2026, "kind": "Chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. The registry leaves the stereocentre unspecified." }, "pc-cbcva": { "id": "pc-cbcva", "title": "PubChem: Cannabichromevarinic acid — CID 11110322", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/11110322", "year": 2026, "kind": "Chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. Registry acid connectivity has unspecified stereochemistry." }, "pc-cbl": { "id": "pc-cbl", "title": "PubChem: Cannabicyclol — CID 59444380", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/59444380", "year": 2026, "kind": "Chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. This record specifies (1R,9R,12S,14R); the display represents that configuration, not every CBL stereoisomer." }, "pc-cbla": { "id": "pc-cbla", "title": "PubChem: Cannabicyclolic acid — CID 71437560", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/71437560", "year": 2026, "kind": "Chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. The PubChem record leaves stereochemistry unspecified; an acid relative of CBL." }, "pc-cbt": { "id": "pc-cbt", "title": "PubChem: Cannabitriol — CID 11551959", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/11551959", "year": 2026, "kind": "Chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. Generic PubChem connectivity has unspecified stereochemistry; it does not establish the exact (+)-isomer from the historical paper." }, "pc-cbtc": { "id": "pc-cbtc", "title": "PubChem: Cannabicitran — CID 101820920", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/101820920", "year": 2026, "kind": "Chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. CID specifies one (1R,4S,13R) enantiomer; it does not depict the study’s racemic mixture." }, "pc-cbe": { "id": "pc-cbe", "title": "PubChem: Cannabielsoin — CID 162113", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/162113", "year": 2026, "kind": "Chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. CID specifies (5aS,6S,9R,9aR); other CBE configurations are not represented." }, "pc-cbgm": { "id": "pc-cbgm", "title": "PubChem: Cannabigerol monomethyl ether — CID 13864080", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/13864080", "year": 2026, "kind": "Chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. One phenolic oxygen is methylated; the registry specifies an E side-chain configuration." }, "pc-thcp": { "id": "pc-thcp", "title": "PubChem: Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabiphorol — CID 6453074", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6453074", "year": 2026, "kind": "Chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. Natural trans-(6aR,10aR) Δ9-THCP configuration." }, "pc-cbdp": { "id": "pc-cbdp", "title": "PubChem: Cannabidiphorol — CID 49873141", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/49873141", "year": 2026, "kind": "Chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. Natural (1R,6R) CBDP; not the mirror-image synthetic ent-CBDP." }, "pc-cbdb": { "id": "pc-cbdb", "title": "PubChem: Cannabidibutol — CID 59444413", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/59444413", "year": 2026, "kind": "Chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. Registry (1R,6R) configuration with a butyl aromatic side chain." }, "pc-cbdh": { "id": "pc-cbdh", "title": "PubChem: Cannabidihexol — CID 140883953", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/140883953", "year": 2026, "kind": "Chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, molecular formula and IUPAC identity checked through PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity evidence only; it supplies no clinical efficacy conclusion. Registry natural (1R,6R) CBDH configuration." }, "ar-qtl-2021": { "id": "ar-qtl-2021", "title": "Quantitative trait loci controlling agronomic and biochemical traits in Cannabis sativa", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyab099", "year": 2021, "kind": "original analytical and genetic study", "supportNote": "Full-text results and Table 2 inspected. Geraniol was detectable in members of the Carmagnola × USO31 F2 hemp population, although not in the parents or F1. This is positive sample evidence, not merely inclusion in a standards panel." }, "ar-booth-2017": { "id": "ar-booth-2017", "title": "Terpene synthases from Cannabis sativa", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0173911", "year": 2017, "kind": "original biosynthesis and analytical study", "supportNote": "Full text: Finola flower profiles and recombinant Cannabis enzymes; Table 1 and Figures 4–5. Enzyme products are not proof of abundance in every plant." }, "ar-krill-2020": { "id": "ar-krill-2020", "title": "A High-Throughput Method for the Comprehensive Analysis of Terpenes and Terpenoids in Medicinal Cannabis Biomass", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo10070276", "year": 2020, "kind": "original analytical study", "supportNote": "Full text: Table 1 distinguishes standard-confirmed from tentative identities; Table 4 records nondetections. Routine separation does not assign every enantiomer." }, "ar-raeber-2024": { "id": "ar-raeber-2024", "title": "Comprehensive analysis of chemical and enantiomeric stability of terpenes in Cannabis sativa L. flowers", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.3432", "year": 2024, "kind": "original analytical study", "supportNote": "Full text: chiral analysis and experimental UV/heat stress. Published online August 2024; journal issue January 2025. Laboratory aging is not a retail shelf-life claim." }, "ar-santiago-2019": { "id": "ar-santiago-2019", "title": "Absence of Entourage: Terpenoids Commonly Found in Cannabis sativa Do Not Modulate the Functional Activity of Δ9-THC at Human CB1 and CB2 Receptors", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2019.0016", "year": 2019, "kind": "original cell study", "supportNote": "Abstract and methods/results inspected: six terpenoids did not modify THC responses in the tested potassium-channel assay. This does not test every molecular target or clinical combination." }, "ar-lavigne-2021": { "id": "ar-lavigne-2021", "title": "Cannabis sativa terpenes are cannabimimetic and selectively enhance cannabinoid activity", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87740-8", "year": 2021, "kind": "original cell and animal study", "supportNote": "Original mouse and cell experiments using isolated compounds and the synthetic agonist WIN55,212-2; no patient efficacy trial." }, "ar-gertsch-2008": { "id": "ar-gertsch-2008", "title": "Beta-caryophyllene is a dietary cannabinoid", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0803601105", "year": 2008, "kind": "original receptor and animal study", "supportNote": "Receptor experiments and mouse inflammation model, including CB2-deficient mice. The title describes receptor pharmacology, not a THC-like chemical structure." }, "ar-spindle-2024": { "id": "ar-spindle-2024", "title": "Vaporized D-limonene selectively mitigates the acute anxiogenic effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy adults who intermittently use cannabis", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111267", "year": 2024, "kind": "original human crossover study", "supportNote": "Abstract verified through PubMed/Europe PMC: 20 healthy adults; the highest combination was tested in 12. Acute vaporized exposure, not treatment of an anxiety disorder." }, "ar-rea-2019": { "id": "ar-rea-2019", "title": "Biosynthesis of cannflavins A and B from Cannabis sativa L.", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.05.009", "year": 2019, "kind": "original biosynthesis study", "supportNote": "Abstract inspected: CsOMT21 converts luteolin to chrysoeriol; CsPT3 adds geranyl or dimethylallyl groups to form cannflavins A or B." }, "ar-radwan-2008": { "id": "ar-radwan-2008", "title": "Non-cannabinoid constituents from a high potency Cannabis sativa variety", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.07.010", "year": 2008, "kind": "original isolation and structure study", "supportNote": "Publisher abstract and article preview: isolation and structural characterization of cannflavin C from the studied cannabis variety. No human treatment evidence." }, "ar-izzo-2020": { "id": "ar-izzo-2020", "title": "Analysis of Phenolic Compounds in Commercial Cannabis sativa L. Inflorescences Using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7037164/", "year": 2020, "kind": "original analytical study", "supportNote": "Full text: Tables 1–2 and analytical standards. Conventional flavonoids were measured; cannflavins used post-target screening without authentic standards." }, "ar-maly-2024": { "id": "ar-maly-2024", "title": "Tea Prepared from Dried Cannabis: What Do We Drink?", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.4c05940", "year": 2024, "kind": "original analytical study", "supportNote": "Table 2: measured flavonoids in three dried cultivars. Four tested flavonoids were below quantification; a target list alone is not positive detection." }, "ar-lorensen-2023": { "id": "ar-lorensen-2023", "title": "Leaves of Cannabis sativa and their trichomes studied by DESI and MALDI mass spectrometry imaging for their contents of cannabinoids and flavonoids", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/pca.3202", "year": 2023, "kind": "original analytical imaging study", "supportNote": "Full text: leaf imaging and Table 2. Exact-mass images may combine isomers; they do not uniquely distinguish every named flavonoid." }, "ar-pubchem-6654": { "id": "ar-pubchem-6654", "title": "PubChem: α-Pinene (CID 6654)", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6654", "year": null, "kind": "chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition." }, "ar-pubchem-14896": { "id": "ar-pubchem-14896", "title": "PubChem: β-Pinene (CID 14896)", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/14896", "year": null, "kind": "chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition." }, "ar-pubchem-31253": { "id": "ar-pubchem-31253", "title": "PubChem: β-Myrcene (CID 31253)", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/31253", "year": null, "kind": "chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition." }, "ar-pubchem-439250": { "id": "ar-pubchem-439250", "title": "PubChem: (S)-(−)-Limonene (CID 439250)", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/439250", "year": null, "kind": "chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition." }, "ar-pubchem-440917": { "id": "ar-pubchem-440917", "title": "PubChem: (R)-(+)-Limonene (CID 440917)", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/440917", "year": null, "kind": "chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition." }, "ar-pubchem-6549": { "id": "ar-pubchem-6549", "title": "PubChem: Linalool (CID 6549)", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6549", "year": null, "kind": "chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition." }, "ar-pubchem-5281515": { "id": "ar-pubchem-5281515", "title": "PubChem: (E)-β-Caryophyllene (CID 5281515)", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5281515", "year": null, "kind": "chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition." }, "ar-pubchem-5281520": { "id": "ar-pubchem-5281520", "title": "PubChem: α-Humulene (CID 5281520)", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5281520", "year": null, "kind": "chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition." }, "ar-pubchem-11463": { "id": "ar-pubchem-11463", "title": "PubChem: Terpinolene (CID 11463)", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/11463", "year": null, "kind": "chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition." }, "ar-pubchem-7462": { "id": "ar-pubchem-7462", "title": "PubChem: α-Terpinene (CID 7462)", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/7462", "year": null, "kind": "chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition." }, "ar-pubchem-7461": { "id": "ar-pubchem-7461", "title": "PubChem: γ-Terpinene (CID 7461)", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/7461", "year": null, "kind": "chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition." }, "ar-pubchem-7463": { "id": "ar-pubchem-7463", "title": "PubChem: p-Cymene (CID 7463)", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/7463", "year": null, "kind": "chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition." }, "ar-pubchem-6616": { "id": "ar-pubchem-6616", "title": "PubChem: Camphene (CID 6616)", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6616", "year": null, "kind": "chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition." }, "ar-pubchem-5281553": { "id": "ar-pubchem-5281553", "title": "PubChem: (E)-β-Ocimene (CID 5281553)", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5281553", "year": null, "kind": "chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition." }, "ar-pubchem-5320250": { "id": "ar-pubchem-5320250", "title": "PubChem: (Z)-β-Ocimene (CID 5320250)", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5320250", "year": null, "kind": "chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition." }, "ar-pubchem-2758": { "id": "ar-pubchem-2758", "title": "PubChem: Eucalyptol (CID 2758)", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2758", "year": null, "kind": "chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition." }, "ar-pubchem-15406": { "id": "ar-pubchem-15406", "title": "PubChem: Fenchol (CID 15406)", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/15406", "year": null, "kind": "chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition." }, "ar-pubchem-64685": { "id": "ar-pubchem-64685", "title": "PubChem: Borneol (CID 64685)", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/64685", "year": null, "kind": "chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition." }, "ar-pubchem-5284507": { "id": "ar-pubchem-5284507", "title": "PubChem: (E)-Nerolidol (CID 5284507)", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5284507", "year": null, "kind": "chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition." }, "ar-pubchem-1549992": { "id": "ar-pubchem-1549992", "title": "PubChem: α-Bisabolol (CID 1549992)", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1549992", "year": null, "kind": "chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition." }, "ar-pubchem-1742210": { "id": "ar-pubchem-1742210", "title": "PubChem: Caryophyllene oxide (CID 1742210)", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1742210", "year": null, "kind": "chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition." }, "ar-pubchem-18818": { "id": "ar-pubchem-18818", "title": "PubChem: Sabinene (CID 18818)", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/18818", "year": null, "kind": "chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition." }, "ar-pubchem-227829": { "id": "ar-pubchem-227829", "title": "PubChem: Guaiol (CID 227829)", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/227829", "year": null, "kind": "chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition." }, "ar-pubchem-14525": { "id": "ar-pubchem-14525", "title": "PubChem: Fenchone (CID 14525)", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/14525", "year": null, "kind": "chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition." }, "ar-pubchem-170833": { "id": "ar-pubchem-170833", "title": "PubChem: Isopulegol (CID 170833)", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/170833", "year": null, "kind": "chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition." }, "ar-pubchem-10071695": { "id": "ar-pubchem-10071695", "title": "PubChem: Cannflavin A (CID 10071695)", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/10071695", "year": null, "kind": "chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition." }, "ar-pubchem-403815": { "id": "ar-pubchem-403815", "title": "PubChem: Cannflavin B (CID 403815)", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/403815", "year": null, "kind": "chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition." }, "ar-pubchem-25141335": { "id": "ar-pubchem-25141335", "title": "PubChem: Cannflavin C (CID 25141335)", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/25141335", "year": null, "kind": "chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition." }, "ar-pubchem-5280443": { "id": "ar-pubchem-5280443", "title": "PubChem: Apigenin (CID 5280443)", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5280443", "year": null, "kind": "chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition." }, "ar-pubchem-5280445": { "id": "ar-pubchem-5280445", "title": "PubChem: Luteolin (CID 5280445)", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5280445", "year": null, "kind": "chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition." }, "ar-pubchem-5280666": { "id": "ar-pubchem-5280666", "title": "PubChem: Chrysoeriol (CID 5280666)", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5280666", "year": null, "kind": "chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition." }, "ar-pubchem-5281675": { "id": "ar-pubchem-5281675", "title": "PubChem: Orientin (CID 5281675)", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5281675", "year": null, "kind": "chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition." }, "ar-pubchem-5280441": { "id": "ar-pubchem-5280441", "title": "PubChem: Vitexin (CID 5280441)", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5280441", "year": null, "kind": "chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition." }, "ar-pubchem-162350": { "id": "ar-pubchem-162350", "title": "PubChem: Isovitexin (CID 162350)", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/162350", "year": null, "kind": "chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition." }, "ar-pubchem-5280804": { "id": "ar-pubchem-5280804", "title": "PubChem: Isoquercetin (CID 5280804)", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5280804", "year": null, "kind": "chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition." }, "ar-pubchem-5280805": { "id": "ar-pubchem-5280805", "title": "PubChem: Rutin (CID 5280805)", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5280805", "year": null, "kind": "chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition." }, "ar-pubchem-5280343": { "id": "ar-pubchem-5280343", "title": "PubChem: Quercetin (CID 5280343)", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5280343", "year": null, "kind": "chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition." }, "ar-pubchem-5280863": { "id": "ar-pubchem-5280863", "title": "PubChem: Kaempferol (CID 5280863)", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5280863", "year": null, "kind": "chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition." }, "ar-pubchem-5280637": { "id": "ar-pubchem-5280637", "title": "PubChem: Cynaroside (CID 5280637)", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5280637", "year": null, "kind": "chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition." }, "ar-pubchem-637566": { "id": "ar-pubchem-637566", "title": "PubChem: Geraniol (CID 637566)", "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/637566", "year": null, "kind": "chemical identity database", "supportNote": "CID, formula and IUPAC identity checked against PubChem PUG REST on 5 October 2026. Identity does not establish detection in cannabis, clinical benefit or a batch composition." } }, "studies": [ { "id": "cb1-cloning", "date": "1990-08-09", "dateLabel": "9 August 1990", "title": "A receptor, identified.", "method": "Cloning & functional expression", "stage": "laboratory", "related": [ "thc" ], "finding": "Matsuda and colleagues cloned a rat receptor and expressed it in cells. Its responses helped establish a specific G-protein-coupled mechanism for cannabinoids.", "limit": "This is receptor biology, not a trial showing that a medicine helps patients.", "sourceTitle": "Structure of a cannabinoid receptor and functional expression of the cloned cDNA", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2165569/", "access": "Original indexed abstract" }, { "id": "anandamide", "date": "1992-12-18", "dateLabel": "18 December 1992", "title": "The body has signals of its own.", "method": "Isolation · mass spectrometry · NMR", "stage": "laboratory", "related": [ "thc", "cbd" ], "finding": "Devane and colleagues identified anandamide in porcine brain, confirmed its structure by synthesis and tested cannabinoid-receptor binding.", "limit": "Anandamide is an endocannabinoid made in the body. It is not a plant cannabinoid or an ingredient in hemp seed oil.", "sourceTitle": "Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1470919/", "access": "Original indexed abstract" }, { "id": "cb2-cloning", "date": "1993-09-02", "dateLabel": "2 September 1993", "title": "Another receptor broadens the picture.", "method": "Molecular cloning & receptor characterization", "stage": "laboratory", "related": [ "thc" ], "finding": "Munro and colleagues characterized a second cannabinoid receptor, now called CB2. Cannabis research gained another defined molecular target.", "limit": "Receptor expression or binding alone does not establish an anti-inflammatory treatment.", "sourceTitle": "Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7689702/", "access": "Original indexed publication" }, { "id": "caryophyllene-cb2", "date": "2008-06-23", "dateLabel": "23 June 2008 online", "title": "A terpene can have receptor activity.", "method": "Receptor assays · cells · mice", "stage": "animal", "related": [ "beta-caryophyllene" ], "finding": "Gertsch and colleagues studied β-caryophyllene at CB2 and in an inflammatory mouse model. The response differed between wild-type and CB2-deficient mice.", "limit": "Receptor activity does not turn a terpene into a THC-like molecule. This study did not establish an anti-inflammatory treatment in people.", "sourceTitle": "Beta-caryophyllene is a dietary cannabinoid", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2449371/", "access": "Original full-text abstract / indexed date" }, { "id": "olivetolic-cyclase", "date": "2012-07-16", "dateLabel": "16 July 2012 online", "title": "How the plant begins building cannabinoids.", "method": "Trichome transcriptomics & enzyme assays", "stage": "laboratory", "related": [ "cbga", "thca", "cbda" ], "finding": "Gagne and colleagues showed that tetraketide synthase works with olivetolic acid cyclase to form olivetolic acid, an early part of cannabinoid biosynthesis.", "limit": "An enzyme pathway explains chemical production. It does not show medicinal benefit or the composition of a particular product.", "sourceTitle": "Identification of olivetolic acid cyclase from Cannabis sativa reveals a unique catalytic route to plant polyketides", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3411943/", "access": "Original full text / abstract" }, { "id": "cb1-crystal", "date": "2016-11-16", "dateLabel": "16 November 2016 online", "title": "A closer view of the binding pocket.", "method": "X-ray crystallography · docking", "stage": "laboratory", "related": [ "thc" ], "finding": "Shao and colleagues resolved engineered human CB1 bound to taranabant at 2.6 Å. The structure provided a framework for studying ligand binding.", "limit": "The measured structure contains an inhibitor. A docked THC pose is a model, not an experimentally measured THC complex.", "sourceTitle": "High-resolution crystal structure of the human CB1 cannabinoid receptor", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/nature20613", "access": "Publisher abstract; primary structure accession 5U09" }, { "id": "yeast-biosynthesis", "date": "2019-02-27", "dateLabel": "27 February 2019 online", "title": "The pathway can work outside the plant.", "method": "Metabolic engineering", "stage": "laboratory", "related": [ "cbga", "thca", "cbda", "thcva", "cbdva" ], "finding": "Luo and colleagues engineered yeast to make several cannabinoid acids from galactose. Feeding different fatty acids also produced modified analogues.", "limit": "Microbial production is a chemistry platform. Modified analogues are not automatically natural cannabis compounds or effective medicines.", "sourceTitle": "Complete biosynthesis of cannabinoids and their unnatural analogues in yeast", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-0978-9", "access": "Original indexed abstract; author correction published 17 March 2020" }, { "id": "cannflavin-pathway", "date": "2019-05-28", "dateLabel": "28 May 2019 online", "title": "Another branch of the plant’s chemistry.", "method": "Recombinant enzymes · biosynthesis", "stage": "laboratory", "related": [ "luteolin", "chrysoeriol", "cannflavin-a", "cannflavin-b" ], "finding": "Rea and colleagues reconstructed enzyme steps from luteolin through chrysoeriol to cannflavins A and B. The work helped explain how cannabis makes these prenylated flavones.", "limit": "The enzyme pathway establishes chemical production, not an effective or safe treatment using cannflavins.", "sourceTitle": "Biosynthesis of cannflavins A and B from Cannabis sativa L.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31151063/", "access": "Original indexed abstract" }, { "id": "entourage-null", "date": "2019-09-23", "dateLabel": "23 September 2019 collection date", "title": "A mixture does not always change the response.", "method": "Human-receptor cell assay · negative finding", "stage": "laboratory", "related": [ "thc", "alpha-pinene", "beta-pinene", "beta-caryophyllene", "linalool", "myrcene", "d-limonene" ], "finding": "Santiago and colleagues tested six terpenoids in cells expressing human CB1 or CB2. They did not find enhancement of THC responses in the potassium-channel assay they used.", "limit": "This does not rule out every target or combination. It does challenge a universal claim that adding these terpenes enhances THC at these receptors.", "sourceTitle": "Absence of Entourage: Terpenoids Commonly Found in Cannabis sativa Do Not Modulate the Functional Activity of Δ9-THC at Human CB1 and CB2 Receptors", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31559333/", "access": "Original indexed abstract; collection date used, not an inferred first-online date" }, { "id": "terpenes-mouse", "date": "2021-04-15", "dateLabel": "15 April 2021", "title": "Other experiments ask different questions.", "method": "Cell assays · mouse behavioural experiments", "stage": "animal", "related": [ "alpha-humulene", "geraniol", "linalool", "beta-pinene" ], "finding": "LaVigne and colleagues reported cannabinoid-like behavioural effects of selected terpenes in mice and interaction with the synthetic cannabinoid agonist WIN55,212-2.", "limit": "Different compounds, targets and experimental designs can give different answers. These results do not establish a whole-plant entourage benefit in people.", "sourceTitle": "Cannabis sativa terpenes are cannabimimetic and selectively enhance cannabinoid activity", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-87740-8", "access": "Original publisher paper / indexed abstract" }, { "id": "endocannabinoid-structure", "date": "2023-05-09", "dateLabel": "9 May 2023", "title": "Seeing an analogue of a body-made signal.", "method": "Cryo-EM · docking · molecular dynamics · signalling assays", "stage": "laboratory", "related": [ "thc" ], "finding": "Krishna Kumar and colleagues studied CB1 with AMG315, an anandamide analogue, and investigated interactions with receptor toggle-switch residues.", "limit": "AMG315 is a research analogue. Its structure is not direct imaging of anandamide or proof of a clinical treatment.", "sourceTitle": "Structural basis for activation of CB1 by an endocannabinoid analog", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-37864-4", "access": "Original indexed abstract" }, { "id": "limonene-human", "date": "2024-03-13", "dateLabel": "13 March 2024 online", "title": "A particular mixture, tested in people.", "method": "Small acute human crossover experiment", "stage": "human", "related": [ "d-limonene", "thc" ], "finding": "Spindle and colleagues studied vaporized D-limonene with THC in 20 healthy adults who used cannabis intermittently. The strongest combination, tested in 12 participants, reduced acute THC-associated anxiety and paranoia ratings; other effects were unchanged.", "limit": "This is not a treatment trial for an anxiety disorder and does not establish benefits from oral terpene blends, aromas or consumer products.", "sourceTitle": "Vaporized D-limonene selectively mitigates the acute anxiogenic effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy adults who intermittently use cannabis", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38498958/", "access": "Original indexed abstract" }, { "id": "thc-dynamics", "date": "2025-01-08", "dateLabel": "8 January 2025", "title": "Binding is more than a frozen shape.", "method": "Cryo-EM · molecular dynamics · cellular pharmacology", "stage": "laboratory", "related": [ "thc", "thcv", "cbn" ], "finding": "Thorsen and colleagues resolved HU210-bound CB1 and compared THC with ten analogues using signalling assays and molecular simulations. Different ligands produced different activity and kinetics.", "limit": "HU210 is a synthetic tool compound. The simulated poses and receptor assays do not establish patient benefit or safe use of the compounds.", "sourceTitle": "Structural basis of THC analog activity at the Cannabinoid 1 receptor", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-55808-4", "access": "Original full-text sections / abstract" }, { "id": "virtual-screening", "date": "2025-03-06", "dateLabel": "6 March 2025", "title": "A prediction becomes a testable candidate.", "method": "Virtual screening · synthesis · cryo-EM · male-mouse experiments", "stage": "animal", "related": [ "thc" ], "finding": "Tummino and colleagues docked 74 million molecules, synthesized selected candidates and optimized a CB1 agonist called 1350. It showed analgesic activity in male mice with a separation from some adverse behaviours.", "limit": "The paper combines prediction with experiments. The compound is a synthetic lead, and mouse results do not establish effectiveness or safety in people.", "sourceTitle": "Virtual library docking for cannabinoid-1 receptor agonists with reduced side effects", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-57136-7", "access": "Original publisher abstract; structure deposited as PDB 9DGI" }, { "id": "cannabis-pangenome", "date": "2025-05-28", "dateLabel": "28 May 2025 online", "title": "Many genomes, many chemical possibilities.", "method": "Pangenomics & synthase-gene analysis", "stage": "laboratory", "related": [ "cbga", "thca", "cbda", "cbca" ], "finding": "Lynch and colleagues assembled a cannabis pangenome and examined structural variation, cannabinoid synthases and their evolutionary relationships.", "limit": "Genes help explain potential chemistry. They do not substitute for testing the compounds in a harvest or establish its therapeutic effect.", "sourceTitle": "Domesticated cannabinoid synthases amid a wild mosaic cannabis pangenome", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09065-0", "access": "Original publisher sections / indexed record" }, { "id": "cb1-republication", "date": "2025-08-27", "dateLabel": "27 August 2025 online", "title": "The scientific record can change.", "method": "Agonist-bound X-ray crystal structures · corrected publication", "stage": "laboratory", "related": [ "thc" ], "finding": "Hua and colleagues published CB1 structures with the research agonists AM11542 and AM841. The publication sits alongside a same-day retraction notice for the earlier 2017 article with the same title.", "limit": "We cite the 2025 publication, not the retracted 2017 paper as current evidence. Research agonists are not the same as natural THC; this record does not establish clinical efficacy.", "sourceTitle": "Crystal structures of agonist-bound human cannabinoid receptor CB1 · 2025 publication", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09454-5", "access": "Publisher abstract and publication metadata", "additional": [ { "title": "Retraction notice for the earlier 2017 article", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09538-2" } ] }, { "id": "cb2-toggle-switch", "date": "2026-03-18", "dateLabel": "18 March 2026 online", "title": "Small changes can shift receptor activity.", "method": "Ligand design · cellular pharmacology · molecular modelling", "stage": "laboratory", "related": [ "thc" ], "finding": "Ganzoni and colleagues varied a position on an HU-308-derived scaffold to change CB2 receptor activity. The work investigated how those modifications interact with the Trp258 toggle switch.", "limit": "These are designed ligands and laboratory findings. They do not prove that natural terpenes, a plant extract or a seed food treats inflammatory disease.", "sourceTitle": "Single-position ligand modifications tune CB2R activity by targeting the toggle switch", "url": "https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2026/sc/d6sc00062b", "access": "Original publisher abstract / supplementary metadata" }, { "id": "cbdp-allosterism", "date": "2026-03-28", "dateLabel": "28 March 2026", "title": "A rare cannabinoid brings new questions.", "method": "Cellular assays · mutagenesis · modelling · male mice", "stage": "animal", "related": [ "cbdp", "cbd", "thc" ], "finding": "A CBDP study investigated negative allosteric modulation of CB1 at two proposed sites, combining receptor experiments, molecular modelling and mouse work.", "limit": "Predicted binding energies are computational estimates. The study is preclinical and does not establish human benefit, dosing or safety.", "sourceTitle": "Cannabidiphorol (CBDP) acts as a negative allosteric modulator at two distinct sites of cannabinoid receptor 1", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s42004-026-01990-z", "access": "Original indexed abstract / publisher sections" }, { "id": "biased-cb1-2026", "date": "2026-04-13", "dateLabel": "13 April 2026 online · 28 May issue", "title": "Can signalling separate relief from side effects?", "method": "Structure–activity analysis · signalling assays · mouse pain models", "stage": "animal", "related": [ "thc" ], "finding": "Liao and colleagues designed Gi-biased CB1 agonists LZD503 and LZD505. The study reported analgesic effects with reduced adverse effects in mouse experiments.", "limit": "Reduced adverse effects in mice do not establish human safety. These synthetic research compounds are not ingredients in Mount Herbs products or approved treatments established by this study.", "sourceTitle": "Rational design of Gi-biased CB1 agonist with reduced side effects", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41980782/", "access": "Original indexed abstract / publisher summary" } ] }